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Internal Medicine Medical Student USMLE Parts II and III: Pearls of Wisdom is designed to: Help students prepare for the USMLE Board Parts II and III Improve performance on IM rotations
It is clear that many fascinating problems still remain to be addressed in parasite transmission modelling, from better understanding of transmission processes and natural history of infection to investigating the impact of ecological and spatial scales, climate change, host immunity and social behaviour, parasite-host evolutionary dynamics and parasite community ecology on parasite transmission. This book captures some of the advances made in recent years and provides indications of ways forward for addressing these questions by shedding light on developments in conceptual frameworks and modelling tools as well as the emergence of new data forms for aiding model construction, testing and an...
Cancer remains a major challenge for modern society. Not only does cancer rank among the first three causes of mortality in most population groups but also the therapeutic options available for most tumor types are limited. The existing ones have limited efficacy, lack specificity and their administration carry major side effects. Hence the urgent need for novel cancer therapies. One of the most promising avenues in research is the use of specific immunotherapy. The notion that the immune system may have important anti-tumor effects has been around for more than a century now. Every major progress in microbiology and immunology has been immediately followed by attempts to apply the new knowl...
The microbial world has given us many surprises including microbes that grow under extremely harsh conditions (122C at 40 MPa), novel metabolisms such as the uranium and perchlorate reduction, and novel chemicals that can be used to control diseases. We continually face new and difficult problems such as the need to transition to more carbon-neutral energy sources and to find eco-friendly chemicals and to find new drugs to treat disease. Will it be possible to tap into the seemingly limitless potential of microbial activity to solve our current and future problems?The answer to this question is probably yes. We are already looking to the microbial world to provide new energy sources, green c...
This book provides reviews of the epidemiology, evaluation, and patient management of central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Internationally recognized clinicians and basic scientists discuss recent research that has significantly advanced the understanding of the pathophysiology of neuronal death and facilitated development of new therapeutic approaches. Novel therapeutic agents evaluated in animal models and currently in clinical trials include: calcium antagonists glutamate receptor antagonists inhibitors of glutamate release endothelial adhesion and nerve growth factors opioids antioxidants, gangliosides thrombolytic agents All of these options, as well as hypothermia as a potentially therapeutic approach, are discussed in this comprehensive volume. It will be invaluable to neurologists, neurosurgeons, intensivists, and emergency medicine physicians who care for CNS injured patients.
In the rapidly-evolving landscape of neurosciences, it is no easy task to select a limited array of topics to present in a text such as this. The current volume takes as its purpose to provide a representative survey of the current science of brain repair for those seeking to establish a foundation in the field or to replenish a prior knowledge base that may have lapsed in its currency. It also hopes to offer insights into what remains elusive to our collective investigations, defining the “frontiers” of brain repair for those that are currently immersed in the exciting intersection of biological advances and neuroscientific discoveries. In Chapter 1 the fundamentals of imaging transplan...
Because stroke is essentially a disease of the vessels and blood flow, the most fundamental aspects of ischemic blood flow in the brain are under investigation by researchers. Their work was the focus of the sixth in the series of Keio University International Symposia for Life Sciences and Medicine, held in Tokyo in 1999. Selected here are 55 papers from the symposium, covering the buffy coat (glycocalyx) of endothelial cells, the blood-brain barrier and permeability, gene expression, vascular reactivity, dysregulation, inflammatory deterioration, cortical spreading depression, edema, microvascular derangement, and pathology, in ten major sections. The book includes the thought-provoking discussions that followed the presentations, thus providing an invaluable source of up-to-date information not only for researchers investigating microcirculation but also for clinicians implementing the most effective treatment for stroke patients.
Cell death, a biological event important for maintaining the growth, development, and life processes of organisms, mainly includes programmed death (apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial apoptosis, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and disulfidptosis, etc.) and non-programmed death (cell necrosis). Many diseases, including cancers, exhibit dysregulated immune activities as key features due to the increase in oxidative stress, which eventually leads to cell death. Understanding the intricate relationships between cell death, oxidative stress, and immune regulation could be critical in elucidating the key molecular mechanisms of these diseases, possibly uncovering novel therapeutics/diagnostics for disease management. For example, ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death that is triggered by the toxic accumulation of oxidative stress, can induce immunosuppression in tumor neutrophils, whereas inhibition of ferroptosis can slow tumor progression. For another example, pyroptosis, a form of lytic cell death which can be triggered by oxidative stress, when occurs in tumor cells, can induce a strong inflammatory response and significant tumor regression.
In the past decade, enormous strides have been made in understanding the human brain. The advent of sophisticated new imaging techniques (e.g. PET, MRI, MEG, etc.) and new behavioral testing procedures have revolutionized our understanding of the brain, and we now know more about the anatomy, functions, and development of this organ than ever before. However, much of this knowledge is scattered across scientific journals and books in a diverse group of specialties: psychology, neuroscience, medicine, etc. The Encyclopedia of the Human Brain places all information in a single source and contains clearly written summaries on what is known of the human brain. Covering anatomy, physiology, neuro...