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Dialog Theory for Critical Argumentation
Because of the need to devise systems for electronic communication on the internet, multi-agent computing is moving to a model of communication as a structured conversation between rational agents. For example, in multi-agent systems, an electronic agent searches around the internet, and collects certain kinds of information by asking questions to other agents. Such agents also reason with each other when they engage in negotiation and persuasion. It is shown in this book that critical argumentation is best represented in this framework by the model of reasoned argument called a dialog, in which two or more parties engage in a polite and orderly exchange with each other according to rules governed by conversation policies. In such dialog argumentation, the two parties reason together by taking turns asking questions, offering replies, and offering reasons to support a claim. They try to settle their disagreements by an orderly conversational exchange that is partly adversarial and partly collaborative.
Legal Argumentation and Evidence
A leading expert in informal logic, Douglas Walton turns his attention in this new book to how reasoning operates in trials and other legal contexts, with special emphasis on the law of evidence. The new model he develops, drawing on methods of argumentation theory that are gaining wide acceptance in computing fields like artificial intelligence, can be used to identify, analyze, and evaluate specific types of legal argument. In contrast with approaches that rely on deductive and inductive logic and rule out many common types of argument as fallacious, Walton&’s aim is to provide a more expansive view of what can be considered &"reasonable&" in legal argument when it is construed as a dynamic, rule-governed, and goal-directed conversation. This dialogical model gives new meaning to the key notions of relevance and probative weight, with the latter analyzed in terms of pragmatic criteria for what constitutes plausible evidence rather than truth.
What Holism Can Do for Social Theory
This book reconsiders the nature of positivist philosophy in social science theory based on classical and medieval thought in what later became "Europe." It argues that social theory is being held back by antagonistic debates over science, positivism, objectivity, and universal law - debates which appear unnecessary, narrow, and acontextual when their origins are examined. Positing that solutions to these impasses can be found by moving to alternative holistic epistemology, and looking at issues in terms of interrelations rather than parts, the book shows the promise of a social theory that provides a unit of analysis that mediates between local and global relations.
Argumentation Methods for Artificial Intelligence in Law
Use of argumentation methods applied to legal reasoning is a relatively new field of study. The book provides a survey of the leading problems, and outlines how future research using argumentation-based methods show great promise of leading to useful solutions. The problems studied include not only these of argument evaluation and argument invention, but also analysis of specific kinds of evidence commonly used in law, like witness testimony, circumstantial evidence, forensic evidence and character evidence. New tools for analyzing these kinds of evidence are introduced.
Tawatur in Islamic Thought
Tawatur is the concept that information yields certainty if acquired through a sufficient number of independent channels. Tawatur in Islamic Thought is an attempt to unravel the twisted historical threads of the conception and usage of tawatur across diverse Islamic disciplines, in light of both Western academia and debates within Muslim scholarship. In the process, numerous salient questions in Islamic thought are tackled, such as epistemic certitude, scholarly consensus (ijm??), and the rationalism traditionalism relationship. The study culminates in the question of the extent to which tawatur was used by Muslim scholars to define the boundaries of Islam and of orthodoxy. Tawatur in Islamic Thought shows that the majority voices in Muslim scholarship, across sectarian boundaries, reached a steady-state conception of a two-tiered orthodoxy, corresponding to two tiers of tawatur an outer tier that includes all who affirm a definitive kernel of Islam and an inner tier that is more exclusive.
Aristotle on Truth, Dialogue, Justice and Decision
In this thought-provoking book, you’ll find timeless questions explored through a fresh lens. First delving into the profound significance of Socrates’ dialogical method and the inescapable nature of conflict, it ponders the rational capacities of humanity in terms of establishing harmonious communities. But this isn’t merely a philosophical debate; it’s a pragmatic exploration of real-world challenges. No longer limiting itself to abstract theories, the book then seeks to navigate the practical terrain of science and politics. Drawing inspiration from Aristotle, renowned for his investigations into the intricate connections between theory, technology, ethics, and politics, it tackles the essential question: How can we reconcile divergent views? At the book’s core lies Aristotle’s revolutionary concept of dialogue, which portrays truth as a delicate equilibrium between opposing forces, transcending the rigid boundaries of true and false. Join this captivating journey as the author reveals the hidden paths to meaningful coexistence in a world filled with conflicting perspectives.
La enseñanza de la filosofía en perspectiva
En las últimas décadas, los estudios sobre la enseñanza de la filosofía han exhibido un gran desarrollo. A la par del aumento notable de encuentros y publicaciones vinculados con esta temática, se ha ido transformando, sensiblemente, la forma de abordarla pedagogía de esta disciplina. De manera progresiva, la tarea de enseñar filosofía fue dejándose de ver como una actividad cuyos problemas se reducían sólo a cuestiones didácticas o quedaban librados a la espontaneidad docente de especialistas puestos a dar clases, para comenzar a ser considerada como un espacio propio de la filosofía. Este cambio de punto de vista tiene consecuencias teóricas significativas, ya que el “enseñar filosofía” no se encara más, de manera exclusiva o dominante, desde el punto de vista práctico de los recursos o técnicas “para dar clases” sino que se lo vincula estrechamente con el significado que pueda atribuirse a la filosofía y al filosofar, en cuanto “enseñables” o transmisibles. A partir de varias “perspectivas” construidas específicamente para estas indagaciones, los artículos que componen este volumen analizan la práctica de la enseñanza de la filosofía.
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