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Machine learning builds models of the world using training data from the application domain and prior knowledge about the problem. The models are later applied to future data in order to estimate the current state of the world. An implied assumption is that the future is stochastically similar to the past. The approach fails when the system encounters situations that are not anticipated from the past experience. In contrast, successful natural organisms identify new unanticipated stimuli and situations and frequently generate appropriate responses. The observation described above lead to the initiation of the DIRAC EC project in 2006. In 2010 a workshop was held, aimed to bring together researchers and students from different disciplines in order to present and discuss new approaches for identifying and reacting to unexpected events in information-rich environments. This book includes a summary of the achievements of the DIRAC project in chapter 1, and a collection of the papers presented in this workshop in the remaining parts.
This volume contains ten revised and expanded papers selected from the dozens presented at the last Michigan-Berkeley Germanic Linguistics Roundtable, five contributions each from syntax (by Werner Abraham, Sarah Fagan, Isabella Barbier, John te Velde, and Ruth Lanouette) and historical linguistics (by Garry Davis and Gregory Iverson, Mary Niepokuj, Neil Jacobs, Edgar Polomé, and David Fertig). The authors start from current theoretical discussions in syntactic and diachronic research, using theory to address longstanding but still current problems in Germanic linguistics, from clitic placement and verb-second phenomena through the Verschärfung to the Twaddellian view of umlaut. Each contribution relies on careful sifting of data situated in the relevant comparative context, Germanic, Indo-European and cross-linguistic.
The theory of language acquisition is a young but increasingly active field. Language Acquisition and Syntactic Theory presents one of the first detailed studies of comparative syntax acquisition. It is informed by the view that linguists and acquisitionists are essentially working on the same problem, that of explaining grammar learnability. The author takes cross-linguistic data from child language as evidence for recent proposals in syntactic theory. Developments in the structure of children's sentences during the first few years of life are traced to changes in the setting of specific grammatical parameters. Some surprising differences between the early child grammars of French and Engli...
Against the background of the proliferation of the various subdisciplines of language acquisition research over the past decades, this volume aims to enhance the existing but somewhat fragile links between language acquisition and theoretical linguistics. With regard to previous research, the book focuses on the acquisition of syntax and syntactic theory, specifically on Chomskyan Generative Grammar.
Glycans are complex, multi-unit carbohydrate structures that cover the surfaces of cells and guide cellular interactions. Glycobiology studies the synthesis, structure, function, regulation, and evolution of glycans and glycan-binding molecules. Glycans are synthesized and added as modifications to proteins, lipids, and RNA. Though they are often associated with functions outside of cells (glycoproteins and glycolipids are most often extracellular or secreted), glycans are also active within cells. Glycans are known to have diverse physiological roles ranging from cell adhesion (maintaining tissue structure and integrity) to molecular recognition (marking position during development, or self-identity in immunity and reproduction). Glycans also regulate cellular activity and physiological state. The families of proteins that bind glycans are called lectins. Glycans and lectins are vital in many diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, inflammation, allergies, asthma, and autoimmune disorders.
This bibliography provides an alphabetical listing of over 1500 articles, books, and dissertations that treat in some way the topic of clitics and related matters, e.g. affixes, words, word order, movement, sandhi, etc. The beginning point for the bibliographic entries is 1892, taking Jacob Wackernagel's classic work as the point of departure, and the entries cover the subsequent 100-year period. Each entury is accompanied by a series of descriptors which give an indication of the content of the item. Nearly one-third of the book is a detailed analytic index, based on the descriptors, which can aid in topical searches for relevant material. Prefatory matter includes an essay What is a Clitic? by Arnold M. Zwicky, a brief consideration of Wackernagel's scholarly career by Brian D. Joseph, and information on the format and use of the book itself.
Sorghum is the most important cereal crop grown in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) of Africa, Asia, Australia and Americas for food, feed, fodder and fuel. It is the fifth most important cereal crop globally after rice, wheat, maize and barley, and plays a major role in global food security. Sorghum is consumed in different forms for various end-uses. Its grain is mostly used directly for food purposes. After the release of the proceedings of two international symposia in the form of books “Sorghum in Seventies” and “Sorghum in Eighties”, global sorghum research and development have not been documented at one place. Of course, few books on sorghum have been released that focus on specifi...
This volume consists of an introduction and two groups of essays by Paul M. Postal, each with a connecting theme. The first, positive group of papers, contains five previously unpublished studies of English syntax. These include a long study of so-called "locative inversion," two investigations related to raising to non-subject status, an argument for the existence of a hitherto ignored nominal grammatical category and a study of vulgar negative polarity items. Each investigation of specific English details is argued to have significant theoretical consequences. The second, negative group of papers, contains seven essays each of which seeks to show that aspects of contemporary linguistic act...