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Formal Ontology
This Element gives a systematic account of formal ontology as a branch of metaphysics and as an approach to metaphysics.
Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges
In this chapter, we present information about metabolomic, transcriptomic and ecophysiological responses of birch (Betula pendula, Betula papyrifera) and aspen (Populus tremula, Populus tremula×Populus tremuloides, Populus nigra) species to increasing ozone, CO2 and/or climate warming collected from several long-term field experiments and complementary laboratory studies. Metabolomic and genetic analyses have indicated several changes in metabolites (phenolic and volatile organic compounds in particular), defence reactions and target pathways for ozone and CO2 action, and a strong impact of climate warming on metabolism of these tree species. We have been searching for metabolic and genetic indicators for ozone tolerance/sensitivity of birch and aspen and connections between gene expression, metabolite and physiological response. In the end, we discuss the limitations, challenges and current needs for methodological developments particularly in metabolomic techniques leading to more efficient tools in climate change research.
Formal Ontology
Formal ontology as a main branch of metaphysics investigates categories of being. In the formal ontological approach to metaphysics, these ontological categories are analysed by ontological forms. This analysis, which the Element illustrates by some category systems, provides a tool to assess the clarity, exactness and intelligibility of different category systems or formal ontologies. It discusses critically different accounts of ontological form in the literature. Of ontological form, the authors propose a character-neutral relational account. In this metatheory, ontological forms of entities are their standings in internal relations whose holding is neutral on the character of their relata. These relations are 'formal ontological relations'. The Element concludes by showing that our metatheory is useful for understanding categorial fundamentality/non-fundamentality, different formal ontologies, and for unifying metaphysical questions. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Possible Worlds
Up-to-date and comprehensive study of a major topic in philosophy The first critical account of forty years of literature on possible worlds A huge topic in analytic philosophy especially in the past twenty-five yeasr and one of the major problems in philosophy as a whole This is the only book available that will introduce the topic to students in philosophy John Divers has taught possible worlds for many years
Spinoza's Geometry of Power
This work examines the unique way in which Benedict de Spinoza (1632–77) combines two significant philosophical principles: that real existence requires causal power and that geometrical objects display exceptionally clearly how things have properties in virtue of their essences. Valtteri Viljanen argues that underlying Spinoza's psychology and ethics is a compelling metaphysical theory according to which each and every genuine thing is an entity of power endowed with an internal structure akin to that of geometrical objects. This allows Spinoza to offer a theory of existence and of action - human and non-human alike - as dynamic striving that takes place with the same kind of necessity and intelligibility that pertain to geometry. Viljanen's fresh and original study will interest a wide range of readers in Spinoza studies and early modern philosophy more generally.
Photosynthesis. Energy from the Sun
The Proceedings of the 14th International Congress on Photosynthesis is a record of the most recent advances and emerging themes in the discipline. This volume contains over 350 contributions from some 800 participants attending the meeting in Glasgow, UK in July 2007. These range from summary overview presentations from plenary speakers to expanded content of posters presented by students and their supervisors featuring the most recent achievements in photosynthesis research. In the words of Professor Eva-Mari Aro, President of the international Society of Photosynthesis Research 2004-7, “Having been taken for granted for centuries, research in photosynthesis has now become a matter of utmost importance for the future of planet Earth...Major initiatives are underway that will use research into natural and artificial photosynthesis for sustainable energy production....”. These volumes thus provide a glimpse of the future, from the molecule to the biosphere
An Introduction to Metametaphysics
This is the first systematic student introduction to metametaphysics, examining the nature, foundations and methodology of metaphysical inquiry.
