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Endogenous Distortions in Product and Labor Markets
Product and labor market distortions move in the same direction in response to economic and social changes. Conditionality by foreign agencies should target product market distortions. Once they are removed or diminished, labor market distortions will adjust in the desired direction.Rama and Tabellini use the common agency approach to analyze the joint determination of product and labor market distortions in a small (developing) open economy.Capital owners and union members lobby the government on tariffs and minimum wages, while factors of production in agriculture (the informal sector) are not organized. The government cares about social welfare, but also values the contributions (monetary...
Private Cities
Institutional constraints and weak capacity often hamper the ability of local governments in developing countries to steer urbanization. As a result, there are not enough cities to accommodate an unabated rural-urban migration and many of those that exist are messy, sprawling, and disconnected. The flipside is the emergence of entire cities--more than gated communities or industrial parks--led in whole or in part by private actors. To date, little systematic research has been conducted on the conditions that are necessary for such unusual entities to emerge, on the roles played by private actors, or on the consequences for efficiency and equity. 'Private Cities: Outstanding Examples from Dev...
Jobs For Development
This book is a sequel to the World Bank's World Development Report 2013: Jobs. The central message of that report was that job creation is at the heart of development. Jobs raise living standards and lift people out of poverty, they contribute to gains in aggregate productivity, and they may even foster social cohesion. In doing so, jobs may have spillovers beyond the private returns they offer to those who hold them. Poverty reduction is arguably a public good, making everybody better off; higher productivity spreads across co-workers, clusters, and cities; and social cohesion improves the outcomes of collective decision-making. But which jobs make the greatest contribution to development a...
Are Public Sector Workers Underpaid?
Does the public sector overpay or underpay workers relative to what they could earn in the private sector? Usual comparisons focus on similar jobs, but in a Developing country it is more sensible to focus on similar workers, as shown by the case of Vietnam.
State Ownership and Labor Redundancy
To predict the number of workers who will lose their jobs if state-owned enterprises are privatized or restructured, several approaches have been taken: drawing on international experience, accepting estimates from current directors of state enterprises, and inferring the number of redundancies from ad hoc indicators of profitability, productivity, or labor cost. All three approaches may be irrelevant and inferior to systematically comparing employment levels across similar enterprises that differ in the share of capital owned by the state.
The Gender Implications of Public Sector Downsizing
Men and women may be affected differently by the transition from central planning to a market economy and especially by the privatization and restructuring of state-owned enterprises. In Vietnam during the massive downsizing in the early 1990s, many more women than men were laid off. But in the downsizing in the early part of this decade women are less likely than men to be retrenched in large numbers.
Mandatory Severance Pay
In Peru, as in many other developing countries, employers have the legal obligation to compensate workers who are dismissed through no fault of their own. Is this an efficient mechanism for providing income support to the unemployed? The authors seek an answer to this question, using individual records from a household survey with a panel structure. Relying on five coverage indicators, they show that roughly one in five workers in the private sector, and one in three wage earners in the private sector, is legally entitled to severance pay. Coverage is more prevalent among wealthier workers. Results based on several empirical strategies suggest that workers "pay" for their entitlement to severance pay through lower wages. Consumption among unemployed workers who receive severance pay is 20 to 30 percent greater than among those who do not. Consumption among these workers is actually higher than consumption among employed workers, suggesting that mandatory severance pay is overgenerous in Peru.
Addressing Inequality in South Asia
Inequality in South Asia appears to be moderate when looking at standard indicators such as the Gini index, which are based on consumption expenditures per capita. But other pieces of evidence reveal enormous gaps, from extravagant wealth at one end to lack of access to the most basic services at the other. Which prompts the question: How bad is inequality in South Asia? And why would that matter? This book takes a comprehensive look at the extent, nature, and drivers of inequality in this very dynamic region of the world. It discusses how some dimensions of inequality, such as high returns to investments in human capital, contribute to economic growth while others, such as high payoffs to r...
