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This paper studies how the composition of fiscal adjustments influences their likelihood of “success”, defined as a long lasting deficit reduction, and their macroeconomic consequences. We find that fiscal adjustments which rely primarily on spending cuts on transfers and the government wage bill have a better chance of being successful and are expansionary. On the contrary fiscal adjustments which rely primarily on tax increases and cuts in public investment tend not to last and are contractionary. We discuss alterative explanations for these findings by studying both a full sample of OECD countries and by focusing on three case studies: Denmark, Ireland and Italy.
An increasing number of medical specialists are using fluoroscopy outside imaging departments. There has been general neglect of radiological protection coverage of fluoroscopy machines used outside the imaging departments. Lack of radiological protection training of those working with fluoroscopy outside imaging departments can increase the radiation risk to workers and patients. Procedures such as endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), renal angioplasty, iliac angioplasty, ureteric stent placement, therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) and bile duct stenting and drainage have the potential to impart skin doses exceeding 1 Gy. Although tissue reactions among patients and workers from fluoroscopy procedures have so far been reported only in interventional radiology and cardiology, the level of usage of fluoroscopy outside radiology departments creates potential for such injuries.
In Cooperation among Nations, Joseph M. Grieco offers a provocative answer to a fundamental question in world politics: How does the anarchical nature of the international system inhibit the willingness of states to work together even when they share common interests? Grieco examines the capacity of two leading contemporary theories—modem political realism and the newest liberal institutionalism—to explain national responses to the non-tariff barrier codes negotiated during the Tokyo Round of international trade talks. According to his interpretation of realist theory, Grieco characterizes states as "defensive positionalists." As such, they often fail to cooperate because they fear that ...
Social Policy: Theory and practice is a fully revised, updated and extended edition of a bestselling social policy textbook, extensively reworked and adapted to meet the needs of its international readership. The book lays out the architecture of social policy as a field of study, binding the discussion of theory to the understanding of social policy in practice. It aims to provide students and practitioners with a sense of the scope, range and purpose of the subject while developing critical awareness of problems, issues and common fallacies. Written in an accessible and engaging style, it explains what social policy is and why it matters; looks at social policy in its social context; consi...
Goli Otok: The Island of Death, first released in English in 1984, are the series of letters of the Bulgarian poet laureate Venko Markovski (1915-1988) written after his release from the island prison of Goli Otok in the Adriatic Sea. Markovski was sentenced to five-year's hard-labor after publishing an anti-Tito poem and for his pro-Soviet Union leanings. The sometimes heart-wrenching letters describe his imprisonment, the treatment of prisoners, the political situation of the time, and his longing for freedom and family.
An examination of different types of network industries such as railways, telecommunications and new media, and the economics thereof. An accent on history makes this book stand apart from others in this area.