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Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: In 1994 the Gang of Four, consisting of Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides, published the book Design Pattern - Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Within that book the four information scientists described 23 design patterns, which they classi?ed into the categories Creational Design Pattern, Structural Design Pattern and Behavioral Design Pattern. Even though design patterns exist since 15 years at present, they have not lost relevance. Due to new concepts the usage of design patterns within web application is increasing. Meanwhile all 23 established design patterns are available as PHP implementations. Aside web languages like AJ...
During the past 40 years, regions have become increasingly important in Western Europe both as units of government and as sources for political mobilization. This book examines why regional identities are stronger in some regions than in others, and why regional elites attempt to mobilize the public on a regionalist agenda at certain points in time. The author develops a model that explains change across space as well as time and provides a comprehensive discussion of the causes of regionalism. It focuses on endogenous developments in the regions and on change across time in the economic and political landscapes of the regions. Using a quantitative study of 212 Western European regions, whic...
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Comparative Federalism: A Systematic Inquiry, Second Edition is a uniquely comprehensive, analytic, and genuinely comparative introduction to the principles and practices, as well as the institutional compromises, of federalism. Hueglin and Fenna draw from their diverse research on federal systems to focus on four main models—America, Canada, Germany, and the European Union—but also to range widely over other cases. At the heart of the book is careful analysis of the relationship between constitutional design and amendment, fiscal relations, institutional structures, intergovernmental relations, and judicial review. Such analysis serves the dual role of helping the reader understand federalism and providing a comparative framework from which to assess the record of federal systems. The second edition has been extensively revised and updated, taking into account new developments in federal systems and incorporating insights from the growing body of literature in the field. It includes two new chapters, "Fiscal Federalism" and "The Limits of Federalism."
Painting has long dominated discussions of Netherlandish art. Yet in the sixteenth century sculpture was held in considerably higher regard than painting, especially in foreign lands. This beautifully illustrated book is the first comprehensive study of sixteenth-century Netherlandish sculpture, and it opens an important window onto the works and milieu of these artists. Netherlanders dominated the sculptural world of northern Europe. They made the most prestigious tombs and altarpieces, alabaster reliefs, and boxwood collectibles for patrons throughout Iberia, France, and Central Europe. Even in Italy they were a formidable presence; the most famous sculptor in Europe in the second half of ...
Following Maastricht, national governments found themselves pushed into distinctive roles, as promoters, gatekeepers, reformers and defectors, as voter preferences and central bank powers combined in different ways to create clear incentives for politicians. These roles explain the push from certain countries for specific changes to EMU rules, why some countries needed EMU more than others and under what conditions pressure to create an economic government for Europe could succeed or fail.