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This document presents the Global Environmental Facility's (GEF) policy on public investment in GEF financed projects. At its meeting in April 1996, the GEF Council approved the principles presented herein as a basis for public involvement in the design, implementation and evaluation of GEF-financed projects. The Council stressed that when applying the principles, there should be emphasis on local participation and local stakeholders, specific conditions in-country should be taken into consideration, and public involvements should be consistent with the provision of the instrument for the establishment of the restructured GEF. This document builds upon previous papers and incorporates comments from consultations; part 1, provides the rationale and definition of public involvement. The basic principles of public involvement are presented in part 2, together with an identification of how the principles will be applied by the Secretariat, implementing agencies, project executing agencies, and other participating in GEF-financed projects.
Alfred Tarski (1901–1983) was a renowned Polish/American mathematician, a giant of the twentieth century, who helped establish the foundations of geometry, set theory, model theory, algebraic logic and universal algebra. Throughout his career, he taught mathematics and logic at universities and sometimes in secondary schools. Many of his writings before 1939 were in Polish and remained inaccessible to most mathematicians and historians until now. This self-contained book focuses on Tarski’s early contributions to geometry and mathematics education, including the famous Banach–Tarski paradoxical decomposition of a sphere as well as high-school mathematical topics and pedagogy. These the...
Well-known art historians from Europe and the Americas discuss the influence of conceptualism on art since the 1970s. Art After Conceptual Art tracks the various legacies of conceptualist practice over the past three decades. This collection of essays by art historians from Europe and the Americas introduces and develops the idea that conceptual art generated several different, and even contradictory, forms of art practice. Some of these contested commonplace assumptions of what art is; others served to buttress those assumptions. The bulk of the volume features newly written and highly innovative essays challenging standard interpretations of the legacy of conceptualism and discussing the i...
This introduction to computational geometry focuses on algorithms. Motivation is provided from the application areas as all techniques are related to particular applications in robotics, graphics, CAD/CAM, and geographic information systems. Modern insights in computational geometry are used to provide solutions that are both efficient and easy to understand and implement.
We examine the properties of house price fluctuations across 18 advanced economies over the past 40 years. We ask two specific questions: First, how synchronized are housing cycles across these countries? Second, what are the main shocks driving movements in global house prices? To address these questions, we first estimate the global components in house prices and various macroeconomic and financial variables. We then evaluate the roles played by a variety of global shocks, including shocks to interest rates, monetary policy, productivity, credit, and uncertainty, in explaining house price fluctuations using a wide range of FAVAR models. We find that house prices are synchronized across countries, and the degree of synchronization has increased over time. Global interest rate shocks tend to have a significant negative effect on global house prices whereas global monetary policy shocks per se do not appear to have a sizeable impact. Interestingly, uncertainty shocks seem to be important in explaining fluctuations in global house prices.
Third edition of International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Optimization and as a premium fruit, this book, pursue to gather research leaders, experts and scientists on Intelligent Computing and Optimization to share knowledge, experience and current research achievements. Conference and book provide a unique opportunity for the global community to interact and share novel research results, explorations and innovations among colleagues and friends. This book is published by SPRINGER, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Ca. 100 authors submitted full papers to ICO’2020. That global representation demonstrates the growing interest of the research community here. The book covers innovative and creative research on sustainability, smart cities, meta-heuristics optimization, cyber-security, block chain, big data analytics, IoTs, renewable energy, artificial intelligence, Industry 4.0, modeling and simulation. We editors thank all authors and reviewers for their important service. Best high-quality papers have been selected by the International PC for our premium series with SPRINGER.