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Determination of Land Use from Satellite Imagery for Input to Hydrologic Models
A land use/land cover identification methodology using LANDSAT imagery has been applied to six watersheds across the U.S. The land use information is stored in a grid cell data bank and is the basis for calibration of hydrologic parameters for watershed models. Flood frequency studies have been completed on four of the watersheds with land use derived from both satellite data and conventional low altitude aerial photography. This paper discusses our experience using the LANDSAT land use classification procedure and compares hydrologic results obtained from the alternative determinations of land use. (Author).
Application of the Finite Element Method to Vertically Stratified Hydrodynamic Flow and Water Quality
Computer program RMA-7 has been expanded to be able to simulate density induced flows and water quality conditions typically found in deep reservoirs. The mathematical basis for the program and methods of implementing the code for various kinds of flow are discussed. Results from two different applications are presented. The first example simualtes flow conditions that were measured in a physical model of a deep reservoir. Results are also included for simulations of the circulation, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations for Lake Taneycomo, Missouri. Comparison of measured and computed results from both applications shows that the RMA-7 model provides reasonably accurate results for both flow circulating and water quality. (Author).
HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis
Over the last 15 years, The Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) has been developing, applying, and distributing computer programs dealing with various aspects of hydrologic engineering, including reservoir analysis. The Center has developed several models for the simulation of reservoir operation and has supported the development of a water quality model for reservoirs and rivers. This paper presents review of model development and an overview of the capabilities and types of applications for the most recent computer programs, 'Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems' (HEC-5) and 'Water Quality for River-Reservoir Systems' (WQRRS). Also, current research and development dealing with reservoir analysis are described. (Author).
Potential Energy and Capacity Gains from Flood Control Storage Reallocation at Existing U.S. Hydropower Reservoirs
This paper describes the procedures and results of an investigation to evaluate potential increases in nationwide hydropower production that could be achieved by reallocation of flood control storage at existing hydropower reservoirs. One aspect of the investigation considered only the increase in energy that could be achieved by storage reallocation; a second aspect considered potential gains in both energy and capacity that could be achieved by adding to the existing installed capacity as well as storage reallocation. The investigation was performed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and is a component of a technical overview study which is part of the National Hydropower Study. (Author).
Data Management Systems for Water Resources Planning
Water resources planning at the federal level is comprehensive multi-purpose multi-objective planning. The increasing complexity of issues, planning alternatives, and evaluation criteria have spawned an ever growing need for increased data and associated analysis procedures. The increased number of such models, both demanding and generating large amounts of data, have stimulated awareness of the need for planning oriented data management systems. This paper describes recent activities of the Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center in data management for water resources planning studies.
Training the Practitioner
The Hydrologic Engineering Center, Corps of Engineers has been training water resource professionals since 1964. The Center's training program includes training courses, workshops, seminars, individual training, a university cooperative advanced study program, video tape library and numerous publications. (Author).
Corps of Engineers' Experience with Automatic Calibration of a Precipitation-runoff Model
Computer program HEC-1, a precipitation-runoff model widely used throughout the United States, includes the capability to estimate automatically any of twelve parameters necessary to model the precipitation-runoff process and the channel routing process. The parameter estimation scheme employs Newton's method to minimize a weighted sum of squares of differences between observed and computed hydrograph values. Applications of this parameter estimation procedure are presneted, and typical steps of the procedure for deterimining optimal parameter estimates are outlined. Recent efforts to improve the estimation algorithm and recent use of the calibration capability to update sequentially parameter estimates in a flood forecasting application are discussed. (Author).
Interactive Nonstructural Flood-control Planning
The goals of nonstructural flood-control planning are formulation, evaluation, selection, and implementation of a practicable management plan that provides optimal protection from the adverse effects of flooding. Many alternative flood-control measures can be dismissed by the water resources planner on the basis of judgement, but a substantial number will require detailed analysis before a suitable plan can be selected. This analysis is an iterative process, requiring input from the planar at each step. Software developed at the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) allows efficient data storage in a structure-oriented data bank and provides for selective retrieval and manipulation of the data from an interactive terminal. Thus the planner is able to propose nonstructural measures and to evaluate rapidly the economic and technical feasibility of those measures in a iterative scheme that allows the required input from the planner. An application of the interactive plan evaluation software is presented. Steps in creating the data bank are defined, and use of the software for subsequent accessing and manipulating the data for plan evaluation is discussed. (Author).
Documentation Needs for Water Resources Models
Computer program documentation is important to proper model use. Common causes of poor documentation include: organizational negligence and lack of capability, difficulty in clearly communicating a description of the model, motivation on the part of the modeler to prepare good documentation, absence of examples of good documentation, inadequate time funds, staff. (Author).
Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM
Flood control and flood plain management investigations using spatial data management techniques are increasing in the Corps of Engineers. Pilot studies initiated in the mid-1970's were successful in consolidating analysis concepts, fostering the development of spatial data file creation and management technology and enhancing the consideration of existing and alternative future development patterns in Corps' planning studies. Over 30 studies using HEC-SAM, the Corps' spatial data management system, are now completed or underway. HEC-SAM was created through selective acquisition of commercial software, adaption of academic research products, and development by researchers at the Corps' Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC). The HEC role continues to be that of system developer and technology transfer agent. The evolution, present capabilities, and applications of HEC-SAM are described. Observations are offered on spatial technology development, implementation, and servicing. (Author).
