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The official World Heritage guide to the history and art history of Regensburg in the Middle Ages paints a portrait of Germany's largest surviving mediaeval metropolis. Again and again, this unique city has been the setting for major events in European history. In 2006, Regensburg's central area, on both sides of the river Danube, was added to the UNESCO world heritage list. Eight walking tours present the highlights of art and architecture in their historical context. Beginning with the Roman legionary camp of Castra Regina, the book offers its readers a vivid picture of Regensburg and the city's growth in the middle Ages. Dukes and bishops, merchants, craftsmen and monasteries influenced the city as appearance.
The question of the justification of sinners is one of the most complex regions of Christian theology. The Regensburg article on justification proposed a solution that it was hoped would be acceptable to both sides, Protestant and Catholic. In 1541 at the Regensburg Colloquy, three leading Protestant theologians (Melanchthon, Bucer, and Pistorius) and three leading Catholic theologians (Eck, Gropper, and Pflug) debated with the aim of producing a commonly agreed statement of belief. The colloquy as a whole eventually failed, but it began with a statement on justification by faith agreed by all the parties, Article 5", leading to an initial burst of optimism. There were two contrasting reacti...
The aim of this book is to demonstrate that the sixteenth-century "ecumenical movement," and in particular, the colloquy between Catholics and Protestants at Regensburg in 1541, was by no means an idle "dream of an understanding," doomed from the start. Contarini's campaign for reconciliation mirrors the richness and elusiveness of pre-Tridentine Catholicism. It was the clash of cultures and politics as much as purely theological considerations that led to the failure of the Regensburg colloquy. Contarini was not without sympathy for Lutheran theology until faced by the full implications of a Protestant church and a Protestant culture. He then retreated, first to a confessional Catholicism, then to an intolerant Curialism.
A detailed study of a limited segment of the German railway system under air attack.
A detailed history of the American World War II bombing mission over Nazi Germany, by the author of The First Day on the Somme. On August 17, 1943, the entire strength of the American heavy bomber forces in England set out to raid two major industrial complexes deep in southern Germany: the Messerschmitt aircraft factory and the KGF ball bearing plant. For American commanders, it was the culmination of years of planning, the day when their self-defending formations of the famous Flying Fortress could at last perform their true role, reaching out by daylight to strike at targets in the deepest corners of industrial Germany. The day ended in disaster for the Americans. Thanks to the courage of...
Historians have traditionally studied late medieval education backward – through the eyes of religious and political reformers critical of that which preceded them. This has led to significant distortions. Histories written from this perspective, tend to overemphasize the novelty of early modern educational reforms at the expense of evident continuities, and focus on conflict between ecclesiastical and lay authorities rather than cooperation. This book focuses instead, on the medieval experience of education through a detailed reconstruction of the educational landscape of late medieval Regensburg. The resulting picture provides new insights into the relationship between civic authorities and ecclesiastical institutions, the role of education in social and economic mobility, and the connections between local communities and broader European educational structures.