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This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
This insightful volumes the use of imitation and the modern cult of originality through a consideration of the disparate fates of two Venetian painters - the canonised master Titian and his artistic heir, the little-known Padovanino.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Exploring Services Science, IESS 2018, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, in September 2018. The 30 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 67 submissions. The book is structured in six parts, each featuring contributions describing current research in a particular domain of service science: Service Design and Innovation; Smart Service Processes; Big Data in Services; Service Topics Open Exploration; Design Science Research in Services. The book offers an extended, ICT-focused vision on services and addresses multiple relevant aspects, including underlying business models, the necessary processes and technological capabilities like big data and machine learning. The academic work showcased at the conference should help to advance service science and its application in practice.
This book explores the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect, which has opened new avenues for the development of advanced luminogenic materials in the aggregate or solid state. By enabling light emission in the practically useful solid state, AIE has the potential to significantly expand the technological applications of luminescent materials. This book addresses principles, methods, and applications of AIEs, offering a new platform for the investigation of light-emitting processes from luminogen aggregates. Applications of AIE include biomedical diagnostics, sensor materials, and optoelectronic devices, among others, and are described in detail within the book. The development of a new...
"The book contains a collection of articles on the European Union and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), the Eurosystem, monetary law, central bank independence and central bank statutes as well as on financial law. The authors are current or former members of the Legal Committee of the ESCB (LEGCO). This book commemorates ten years of work by the Working Group of Legal Experts of the European Monetary Institute and by the LEGCO. It is dedicated to Mr Paolo Zamboni Garavelli, former Head of the Legal Department at the Banca d'Italia and member of LEGCO, who died in 2004."--Editor.
To fmds one's bearings through the luxuriant forest of organic chemistry, sure guide marks are needed. Robert Martin's book is one of these most useful reference marks for each organic chemist. Diversely substituted hydroxyacetophenones are used in numerous sectors of applied organic chemistry. This impressive monography constitutes a considerable work, time-saver for the professional in organic synthesis. For each compound described, R. Martin has clearly and concisely supplied all the information existing in the literature up to 1996. This work enables the chemist to compare their structures, syntheses, properties, physico-chemical characteristics, thus stimulating his imagination. Three e...
Il presente lavoro di revisione ha fatto proprie considerazioni ed evoluzioni del concetto di adeguatezza nutrizionale che sono intervenute, a livello internazionale, nel periodo intercorso dall’ultima revisione dei LARN da parte della Società Italiana di Nutrizione Umana – SINU (1996) al 2014. L’acronimo LARN corrisponde ora a “Livelli di Assunzione di Riferimento di Nutrienti ed energia per la popolazione italiana”. Questa revisione del documento rappresenta l’insieme dei DRV (Dietary Reference Values) per la popolazione italiana, indicando il fabbisogno medio per la popolazione (average requirement, AR) e l’assunzione raccomandata per la popolazione (population reference in...
Complete coverage of chemical literature on simple pyrazines recorded in Beilstein to 1929, and Chemical Abstracts through 1978 (volume 89), together with selected references to 1980. Describes their history, occurrence, biological activity and uses, and nomenclature. Classified primary syntheses of pyrazines according to the starting materials employed. Treats primary syntheses of pyrazine N-oxides. Details syntheses, properties and reactions of alkyl, halogeno, hydroxy, mercapto, amino and carboxy pyrazines and their derivative and related compounds. Extensive table lists known simple pyrazines, physical data such as melting points and boiling points, and references.