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A Poverty Profile of Cambodia
China is in the throes of two transitions: from a command economy to a market-based one and from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial one. So far, both transitions have been spectacularly successful. China is the fastest-growing economy in the world, with per capita incomes more than quadrupling since 1978, achieving in two generations what took other countries centuries. Although swift growth and structural change have resolved many problems, they also have created new challenges: employment insecurity, growing inequality, stubborn poverty, mounting environmental pressures, rising costs of food self-sufficiency, and periods of macroeconomic instability stemming from incompl...
Intensified Systems of Farming in the Tropics and Subtropics
Environmentally Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs Series No. 19. Five years have passed since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, better known as the Rio Earth Summit. Almost all the countries of the world attended the conference and committed themselves to the policies and programs laid out in Agenda 21, the action plan of the summit. The World Bank and other international agencies have sought to be active partners in implementing the agenda. This report is part of the Bank's current efforts to review the progress made over the past five years and to make plans for improved effectiveness for the future. The paper is divided into two parts. Part I looks at the broad picture, assessing some of the large challenges for the future and outlining thematic principles. Part II provides concise reviews of the majority of the chapters of Agenda 21 and relates them to the standpoint of Bank activities.
The Regulation of Non-bank Financial Institutions
World Bank Discussion Paper No. 362. There has been tremendous growth worldwide in the mobilization of financial resources outside traditional banking systems. Channeled mainly through capital markets, such rapid financial diversification is posing new challenges for regulators in many emerging markets. This document describes the various aspects and implications of this growth, reviews the regulatory framework adopted in some mature market economies, including the United States and the European Union, and discusses regulatory issues in emerging markets.
Preventing Banking Sector Distress and Crises in Latin America
World Bank Technical Paper No. 361. Education has emerged as an essential component of the transition to a market economy in Central and Eastern Europe. Although the countries of the region inherited broadly accessible education systems, the legacies of central planning have constrained the systems from fully adjusting to market economies. This study examines empirical trends in access to and financing of education in nine Central and East European countries by drawing on the findings of a World Bank project that examined the social risks facing people and the policy responses taken by governments since 1989. Chapters address access and participation, the labor market, financing, and staff in the education sector.
Fostering Sustainable Development
Peace and reconstruction efforts in 1996 dramatically altered the landscape of Bosnia and Herzegovina and brought many tangible benefits to its people. These efforts have already led to improvements in the areas of health, education, unemployment, and infrastructure repair. Sustaining and broadening the positive developments of the past year will be the key task for the country and the international community in 1997-98. This country study examines the near-term reform issues that are essential to generating employment and providing a firm institutional and policy foundation for reconstruction and sustained economic growth. The main areas of emphasis will be on policy and budget reforms--involving institutions for macroeconomic management and bank and enterprise privatization--and reforms affecting labor markets and the social safety net.
Sri Lanka's Rubber Industry
World Bank Technical Paper No. 359. As the telecommunications sector evolves toward a more competitive environment in which the private actors become the main players, it is essential to develop policies that will reduce the disparities between urban and rural telecommunications services. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the technical and financial parameters that have to be considered in formulating such policies. It presents an array of options for commercial operation of rural telecommunications and challenges the general perception that rural telecommunications services are unprofitable. It demonstrates that services can be economically delivered to rural areas at affordable prices while simultaneously providing reasonable financial returns to investors. A planning tool kit is included that assists in the design of the various options.
Mobilizing Domestic Capital Markets for Infrastructure Financing
World Bank Technical Paper No. 369. Hydropower and irrigation projects involving reservoirs can displace thousands of people from their traditional lands and deprive them of their livelihoods. If poorly planned, they can also lead to environmental degradation. Solutions to these problems must be found--solutions that are technically feasible, sustainable, environmentally appropriate, and acceptable to the people who are resettled. This paper explains how the planned, integrated development of fishery ecosystems in reservoirs not only can mitigate the negative social consequences of dam construction, but also can enhance the economic benefits from hydropower and irrigation projects in many developing countries. The paper draws on the success of fish farming efforts in the Saguling and Cirata reservoirs in Java, which attests to the potential for creating employment in reservoirs that are in place and under construction around the world.
Banking Soundness and Monetary Policy
Banking sector problems have affected many IMF member countries, and measures to remedy these problems as well as to prevent their recurrence deeply concern central bankers and policymakers. the papers and comments published in this volume and edited by Charles Enoch and John H. Green were presented at the Seventh Seminar on Central Banking sponsored by the IMF. The topics discussed include banking soundness and the macroeconomy, prudential standards, the role of the central bank during problems of banking soundness, and bank restructuring.
Design of Social Funds
Annotation World Bank Discussion Paper No. 375.Social funds have proved to be important instruments for reaching the poor using community-based strategies. Yet, while there have been innovations in the design of these funds, the projects are much less participatory and demand-oriented than is commonly believed. This paper examines the extent to which social fund subprojects are designed to support community participation, demand orientation, and investment in local organizational capacity to achieve sustainability at the community level.
Saving Across the World
World Bank Technical Paper No. 349. The Bank's approach to water resources development has shifted from one of construction activities to one of improved management quality, creating a new generation of water-related projects and the need for new evaluation procedures. This paper addresses the methodology for economic evaluation of this new group of projects and draws on the experience of the recently approved Mexico Water Resources Management project.
