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Subcortical Vascular Dementia
Vascular dementia is one of the most common forms of mental deterioration for the elderly, second only to Alzheimer's disease. It should not be defined as a single disease, but rather as a group of syndromes that relate to different vascular mechanisms. This is one of the first books to be solely dedicated to the specific class of vascular dementia known as subcortical vascular dementia. The strict focus of the chapters give an depth review that will clarify many different aspects and give an unprecedented amount of detail about this clinical problem. Considering that vascular dementia can be prevented with early diagnosis, the research presented in this book will be important for both students and specialists of this important field.
The Cerebellum and the Reading Process
There has been a paradigm shift in the understanding of the role of the cerebellum in the nervous system, which is now suggested to be an integral component of the distributed neural circuitry, subserving even higher order functions, traditionally linked to the integrity of cerebral cortex. One of these functions is reading, which is one of the most prominent learned competencies in humans. The pathophysiology of dyslexia is largely unknown. It is usually related to brain cortical alteration. Recent evidence suggests dyslexia may involve binocular instability or alterations of accommodation. This book describes the possible role of the cerebellum in reading tasks, either considering its emergent role in mentation, either considering its traditional role in motor control. It examines the possible involvement of cerebellum in reading, which may be caused by an alteration of the diffuse projections which connect the cerebellum to different cortical areas via subcortical structures, by its involvement in spatial perception, in timing processing of cortical flow of information, and by a possible intrinsic property of the structure in cognition.
Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration
The clinical syndrome of asymmetric parkinsonism associated with cortical abnormalities along with peculiar pathology has come to be known as corticobasal ganglionic degeneration (CBGD), actually defined simply as corticobasal degeneration (CBD). The definition of the clinical syndrome of CBD is still evolving. Ideally, the complete and accurate characterisation of the clinical syndrome is contingent on diagnosing all subjects who have the disease and excluding subjects who do not. The apparent rarity of the disease makes it a formidable task to accumulate a sufficient number of cases to analyse and obtain meaningful results, as well as making it difficult for physicians to gain familiarity with and to recognise the syndrome. The aim of this work will be to determine the nature of CBD, its clinical impact and its cortical involvement, by evaluating functional imaging and cognitive neuropsychological evaluation.
Alzheimer's Disease
There is a wide scope of clinical phenomenology in Alzheimers disease, regarding the age of onset, presenting features, rate of progression and appearance of other clinical manifestation. Although clinical appearance and neuropathological hallmarks have been defining AD since its first description, major factors which trigger pathology are still unknown. The role of comorbidity is discussed controversially. Important environmental risk factors in AD development are continuous stress, low education and cardiovascular risk factors such as alcohol intake, smoking, hypertension. The role of lipids and cholesterol has been recognized, but the relevant pathogenetic steps are still to be identified. There is an urgent need to understand molecular disease pathogenesis in order to develop early therapeutic targets for the disease.
Alzheimer's Disease Research Trends
Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily activities. The most common form of dementia among older people is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Age is the most important known risk factor for AD. The number of people with the disease doubles every 5 years beyond age 65. AD is a slow disease, starting with mild memory problems and ending with severe brain damage. The course the disease takes and how fast changes occur vary from person to person. On average, AD patients live from 8 to 10 years after they are diagnosed, though the disease can last for as many as 20 years. Cur...
Trends in Learning Research
Learning as used here, refers to concerted activity that increases the capacity and willingness of individuals, groups, organisations and communities to acquire and productively apply new knowledge and skills, to grow and mature and to adapt successfully to changes and challenges. Such learning empowers individuals and organisations to make wise choices, solve problems and break new ground. In particular, it is sustainable, it is a lifelong, renewable process for people and for the institutions that serves people. Learning certainly includes academic studies and occupational training through high school and beyond but also encompasses the physical, cognitive, emotional and social development of children in the earliest years of their lives. This book presents new research in this explosive field.
Dyslexia in Children
Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. Although the disorder varies from person to person, common characteristics among people with dyslexia are difficulty with phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds) and/or rapid visual-verbal responding. The syndrome of dyslexia does not imply low intelligence or poor educational potential, and is independent of race and social background. Although dyslexia seems to be more prevalent among males than females, the exact ratio is unknown: the most commonly quoted figures are between 3:1 and 5:1. The evidence suggests that in at least two-thirds of cases, dyslexia has a genetic cause, but in some cases birth difficulties may play a role. Dyslexia may overlap with related conditions such as dyspraxia, attention deficit disorder (with or without hyperactivity) and dysphasia. In childhood, its effects can be misattributed to emotional or behavioural disorders. By adulthood, many dyslexics will have developed sophisticated compensating strategies that may mask their difficulties. This new book presents state-of-the-art research in this dynamic field.
Focus on Dyslexia Research
Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. Although the disorder varies from person to person, common characteristics among people with dyslexia are difficulty with phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds) and/or rapid visual-verbal responding. The syndrome of dyslexia does not imply low intelligence or poor educational potential, and is independent of race and social background. Although dyslexia seems to be more prevalent among males than females, the exact ratio is unknown: the most commonly quoted figures are between 3:1 and 5:1. The evidence suggests that in at least two-thirds of cases, dyslexia has a genetic cause, but in some cases birth difficulties may play a role. Dyslexia may overlap with related conditions such as dyspraxia, attention deficit disorder (with or without hyperactivity) and dysphasia. In childhood, its effects can be misattributed to emotional or behavioural disorders. By adulthood, many dyslexics will have developed sophisticated compensating strategies that may mask their difficulties. This new book presents state-of-the-art research in this dynamic field.
Understanding Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's dementia (AD) affects 6 million Europeans with 10% of people over age 65 and more than a quarter over 85. Given the steady aging of European societies, dementia and cognitive decline have developed into a major health problem with an enormous socioeconomic impact for patients, their families and caregivers, national health care systems, and society. Without any means to prevent or delay disease onset, the number of people with dementia is predicted to double by 2030 and triple by 2050. There is an urgent need for innovative strategies to increase understanding of pathological events that would translate into the development of successful prevention or, possibly, novel treatment strategies. Progresses in understanding pathological events in AD have been possible by using cell cultures, genetically modified organisms and animal models that lack the complexity of events occurring in humans. We need to overcome this limitation also by using data from humans - for studying pathological pathways in AD in a multidisciplinary setting.
