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Visualizing the Miraculous, Visualizing the Sacred
French historian Robert Ricard postulated a quick and facile evangelization of the native populations of central Mexico. However, evidence shows that native peoples incorporated Catholicism into their religious beliefs on their own terms, and continued to make sacrifices to their traditional deities. In particular the deities of rain (Tlaloc and Dzahui) and the fertility of the soil (Xipe Totec) continued to be important following the conquest and the beginning of the so-called spiritual conquest. This study examines visual evidence of the persistence of traditional religious practices, including embedded pre-hispanic stones placed in churches and convents, and pre-hispanic iconography in what ostensibly were Christian murals.
Race, Caste, and Status
A study of the hierarchical social order imposed on indigenous peoples by their Spanish conquerors.
Communities on a Frontier in Conflict
In his historical satirical novel Candide, Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) presented a fanciful vision of the Jesuit missions established among the Guaraní in parts of what today are Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Some scholars have characterized the missions as having been a socialist utopia, or an independent republic located on the fringes of Spanish territory in South America. What was the reality? This study presents a detailed analysis of one of the Jesuit missions, Los Santos Mártires del Japón, and the story of the creation of mission communities on a frontier contested by Spain and Portugal during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It documents the historical realities of the Jesuit missions, their patterns of development, and the demographic consequences for the mission populations of military conflict.
The New Latin American Mission History
The subject of missions-formal efforts at religious conversion of native peoples of the Americas by colonizing powers-is one that renders the modern student a bit uncomfortable. Where the mission enterprise was actuated by true belief it strikes the modern sensibility as fanaticism; where it sprang from territorial or economic motives it seems the rankest sort of hypocrisy. That both elements-greed and real faith-were usually present at the same time is bewildering. In this book seven scholars attempt to create a "new" mission history that deals honestly with the actions and philosophic motivations of the missionaries, both as individuals and organizations and as agents of secular powers, an...
Regional Markets and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia
Examines the end of the colonial era in Bolivia.
Pames, Jonaces, and Franciscans in the Sierra Gorda
In the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish faced a prolonged conflict in Mexico known as the Chichimeca War (1550–1600) beyond the porous cultural frontier between the sedentary indigenous populations of central Mexico and the bands of nomadic hunters and gatherers collectively known by the derogatory Náhuatl term “Chichimeca” or “Mecos”. Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian missionaries developed methods and an organizational scheme to evangelize the sedentary populations of central Mexico, but this did not work well beyond the Chichimeca frontier where missions often proved to be ephemeral. Moreover, the missionaries uncovered evidence of the persistence of pre-Hispanic religio...
A Visual Catalog of Spanish Frontier Missions, 16th to 19th Centuries
From the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries, the Spanish Crown sponsored missions staffed by members of different Catholic missionary orders to evangelize the indigenous populations, and engage in social engineering in line with royal policy. The missionaries directed the construction of building complexes that included churches, leaving behind an important historical and architectural legacy. This visual catalog documents the surviving complexes on selected missions on the frontiers of Spanish America in what today is Mexico and parts of South America. It also presents basic historical data on the mission communities, including demographic data, and documents damage to early mission buildings by the earthquakes of September 7 and September 19, 2018.
New Views of Borderlands History
These seven original essays offer the first ethnohistorical interpretation of Spanish-Indian interaction from Florida to California. The indigenous peoples in the borderlands were hunter-gatherers or agriculturalists whose lives differed substantially from the lives of Indians in large-scale hierarchical societies of central Mexico. As a result, Spain's entry and expansion varied throughout the borderlands. How did indigenous peoples fare under Spanish rule from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries? The contributors to this book discuss the social, demographic, and economic impacts of Spanish colonization on Indians. Relations among settlers, soldiers, priests, and indigenous peoples throughout the borderlands are examined, bringing immediacy and human interest to the interpretation. Contributors are Susan M. Deeds, Jesus F. de la Teja, Ross Frank, Robert H. Jackson, Peter Stern, and Patricia Wickman. Their essays offer a new and engaging synthesis that will reinvigorate teaching and research in borderlands history.
Frontiers of Evangelization
The Spanish crown wanted native peoples in its American territories to be evangelized and, to that end, facilitated the establishment of missions by various Catholic orders. Focusing on the Franciscan missions of the Sierra Gorda in Northern New Spain (Mexico) and the Jesuit missions of Chiquitos in what is now Bolivia, Frontiers of Evangelization takes a comparative approach to understanding the experiences of indigenous populations in missions on the frontiers of Spanish America. Marshaling a wealth of data from sacramental, military, and census records, Robert H. Jackson explores the many factors that influenced the stability of mission settlements, including the indigenous communities’...
The Bourbon Reforms and the Remaking of Spanish Frontier Missions
During the eighteenth century the Spanish Bourbon monarchs attempted to transform Spanish America. This study analyses the efforts to transform frontier missions, and the consequences and particularly demographic consequences for the indigenous peoples that lived on the missions.
