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Global Area Disturbed and Pressures on Biodiversity by Large-Scale Metal Mining
The rising global demand for metals in a context of declining ore grades is driving the opening of new mines and the expansion of existing ones, disturbing substantial land areas (especially by open pits). However, how much land is currently disturbed globally? How much land could be disturbed by metal mining in 2050? This study investigates the global area disturbed by mining of iron, bauxite, copper, gold, and silver for the first time. The first part consists of the calculation of the specific land requirements, i.e. the area newly disturbed caused by the ore extraction at the mine site. The second part addresses the global area disturbed in the year 2011 whereas the third presents scenarios of how such area might evolve until 2050. The last part addresses the current and future pressures on global biodiversity by metal mines and shows possibilities for the future opening of new mines in low biodiversity areas, alleviating pressures in high biodiversity ones. This study presents the findings of the author´s dissertation hoping they are used as a frame to develop policies and incentives to reduce the amount of area directly disturbed by mines and their pressures on biodiversity.
Civil Engineering - Volume II
Civil Engineering is the component of Encyclopedia of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Civil Engineering is the oldest of the engineering specialties and has contributed very much to develop our society throughout the long history of human life. The advancement of civil engineering has, therefore, been closely related to that of civilization. In this theme, human activities on the earth from ancient times to the present are briefly reviewed first, and then the history of the process to establish the civil engineering discipline is discussed for bet...
Jose Bonifacio De Andrada E Silva
Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva "The Greatest Man in Brazilian History" This book will introduce to the United States the founding father of Brazil. He is one of the greatest statesman in world history, but he is unknown to the American public. He is the Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison and George Washington of Brazil embodied in one person. This book will cover some of the following subjects: Learn why the country itself was Jose Bonifacio's legacy to future Brazilian generations. The legacy that he left us is "Brazil" itself, because without Jose Bonifacio in Brazilian history, "Brazil" the country in its current form would not exist today. __ Learn how a document prepa...
A Research Agenda for Global Environmental Politics
In a world confronted with escalating environmental crises, are academics asking the right questions and advocating the best solutions? This Research Agenda paves the way for new and established scholars in the field, identifying the significant gaps in research and emerging issues for future generations in global environmental politics.
