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Planted forests in emerging economies: Best practices for sustainable and responsible investments
Investments in industrial-scale planted forests have grown exponentially in recent years and are included into investment portfolios for various reasons (e.g. diversification, risk mitigation, attractive returns). The rapid growth of planted forests may incur negative social and environmental impacts. Thus, investment companies and fund managers are increasingly interested in using sustainable and responsible investment (SRI) tools (e.g. standards, guidelines, and codes of conduct). However, a classification system for SRI tools in the field of planted forests still lacks consensus.
Is a typology for planted forests feasible, or even relevant?
Highlights Controversies about the expansion of planted forests develop amidst confusion about terminology, its scope and definition, and the fact that many terms are ideologically loaded.In this context, it is surprising to find that very few attempts have been made to propose typologies and to strictly define categories for such man-made ecosystems.There are conceptual and scope differences between definitions, categorizations and typologies. Specifically, typologies require mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive categories, and are the focus of our analysis.It is important to have purpose-oriented typologies, i.e. defined to serve a given policy objective that provides flexibility in t...
Zero-deforestation commitments in Indonesia: Governance challenges
Highlights Zero-deforestation commitments are emerging rapidly in Indonesia. They already encompass a large portion of crude palm oil production and almost all the pulp and paper (P&P) sector; typically, they reflect the values of the no-deforestation, no-exploitation (social) and no-peat policies.These commitments depend on definitions of forests for their identification and conservation, which in turn rely on methodologies such as High Conservation Value and High Carbon Stock.Early implementation has revealed that the palm oil sector is facing a number of governance challenges to achieve commitments: the legal framework is not systematically supportive of the pledges, and the gover...
Deforestation-free commitments
The deforestation-free movement (or zero-deforestation) has emerged recently in a context of lower state control, globalization and pressure on corporations by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) through consumer awareness campaigns, acknowledging the essential role of agricultural commodities in deforestation. It takes the form of commitments by corporations to ensure that the products they either produce, process, trade or retail are not linked to forest conversion. This movement has particular relevance for Indonesia. Ambitious targets have been set with concrete action on the ground, and typically go beyond forest conservation to also include peatland management and social issues. Regarding the zero-deforestation component, its implementation relies essentially on two complementary methodologies: High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) and High Carbon Stocks (HCS).
Conflict mediation in industrial tree plantations in Indonesia
Key messages Mediation is a conflict resolution mechanism that has emerged in countries with lots of conflicts related to land and industrial tree plantations. Its application on the ground, however, has yet to show satisfactory results.Mediation can be seen as a part of conflict transformation as it aims at reaching a long-term solution acceptable to all parties.There are many approaches to mediation in Indonesia, depending on legal processes and the status of mediators. In turn, this opens the door to mediation through the courts with certified mediators.The emergence of mediation and its recognition by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry is closely linked to the acknowledgment of the pres...
Impacts of industrial tree plantations in Indonesia: Exploring local perceptions
Key messages Based on a survey about perceptions of industrial tree plantations of 606 respondents living in the vicinity of such plantations over three Indonesian islands, we find a clear divide, with evidence of more negative perceptions around acacia (pulp and paper) plantations in Sumatra and Kalimantan compared with those around pine (resin and timber) and teak (timber) in Java.Acacia pulpwood plantations develop in more remote areas, where they contribute to opening up jobs and infrastructure; these facts are only partly acknowledged by local populations, as expectations have not been fully met. The plantations generate manynegative impacts such as deprivation of access to land for loc...
Impacts of industrial timber plantations in Indonesia: An analysis of rural populations’ perceptions in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java
Industrial timber plantations are controversial in many parts of the world. Indonesia provides an interesting case study, with its history of conflicts over land use and current ambitions for plantation expansion. This study investigated perceived impacts of plantations on nearby rural populations. A survey was conducted of 606 respondents across three islands (Java, Borneo and Sumatra), three tree species (acacia, teak and pine) and three end uses (pulpwood, timber production and resin production). In addition, a Q-method analysis was conducted at a site with an established pulpwood plantation in order to identify significantly diverse perceptions of the plantation among villagers. The meth...
A policy network analysis of the palm oil sector in Indonesia
The palm oil sector has been targeted by NGOs for its alleged negative environmental and social impacts. In this regard Indonesia represents a major challenge because it is home to some of the largest tropical forests in the world. A recent wave of corporate sustainability commitments peaked with the New York Declaration on Forests in September 2014, which emerged amidst the development of other standards and initiatives toward sustainable palm oil production. This process has made this field very complex, especially in Indonesia. The present study aims at clarifying the positions taken by the various stakeholders and assesses the level of political support and the functioning of policy netw...
