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In the growing and dynamic economy of nineteenth-century America, businesses sold vast quantities of goods to one another, mostly on credit. This book explains how business people solved the problem of whom to trust--how they determined who was deserving of credit, and for how much. Rowena Olegario traces the way resistance, mutual suspicion, skepticism, and legal challenges were overcome in the relentless quest to make information on business borrowers more accurate and available.
The first comprehensive review of credit reporting systems worldwide, including their institutional forms and evidence of their impact on financial markets. Credit reporting is a critical part of the financial system in most developed economies but is often weak or absent in developing countries. It addresses a fundamental problem of credit markets: asymmetric information between borrowers and lenders that can lead to adverse selection and moral hazard. The heart of a credit report is the record it provides of an individual's or a firm's payment history, which enables lenders to evaluate credit risk more accurately and lower loan processing time and costs. Credit reports also strengthen borr...
This memorial release takes a look back at the life and career of legendary American soul and R&B vocalist and pop star Whitney Houston, whose powerful vocals and larger than life image made her an icon, before her life short with her unexpected death in 2012 at the age f 48. ~ Cammila Collar, Rovi
In the growing and dynamic economy of nineteenth-century America, businesses sold vast quantities of goods to one another, mostly on credit. This book explains how business people solved the problem of whom to trust--how they determined who was deserving of credit, and for how much. In the process, a business system based largely on information circulating through personal networks became dependent on more formalized methods and institutions. First to appear in the 1830s was the credit reporting agency, whose pioneers included the abolitionist Lewis Tappan, and businessmen John Bradstreet and Robert G. Dun (whose firms merged in 1933 to form Dun & Bradstreet). Later, groups of business credi...
American households, businesses, and governments have always used intensive amounts of credit. The Engine of Enterprise traces the story of credit from colonial times to the present, highlighting its productive role in building national prosperity. Rowena Olegario probes enduring questions that have divided Americans: Who should have access to credit? How should creditors assess borrowers’ creditworthiness? How can people accommodate to, rather than just eliminate, the risks of a credit-dependent economy? In the 1790s Alexander Hamilton saw credit as “the invigorating principle” that would spur the growth of America’s young economy. His great rival, Thomas Jefferson, deemed it a grav...
The time before the debt machine -- How the machine was built -- The debtor class -- A broken net -- The quickest levers -- Divergent -- A fair deal -- The last frontier -- Transformational lending -- Appendix A : About my research process -- Appendix B : Advice for consumers.
The two-volume Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics fills a gap in scholarship on an increasingly important field within Political Science. Comparative Politics, the discipline devoted to the politics of other countries or peoples, has been steadily gaining prominence as a field of study, allowing politics to be viewed from a wider foundation than a concentration on domestic affairs would permit. Comparativists apply various theories and concepts to analyze the similarities and differences between political units, using the results of their research to develop causalities and generalizations. Each of these theories and outcomes are thoroughly defined in the Companion, as are major result...
Discusses worldwide economic integration between 1850 and 1930, challenging the popular description of the period after 1918 as one of deglobalisation.
A fascinating look at five decades of Amway's innovation Amway started in 1959 as a way for people to earn extra money selling soap and cosmetics. Today, it has recaptured the public's attention largely because of an extensive print and broadcast campaign featuring the Quixtar name-with ads saying "you know us as Amway." Amway Forever chronicles the amazing inside story of this global business phenomenon. Page by page, it explores the history of Amway and its remarkable resurgence around the world. From how the company began and its growing pains in the 70's and 80's to its recent online revival, this book explores how Amway has survived and thrived over the past fifty years. Delves into how innovation has led to Amway's growth into an international powerhouse Reveals Amway's pioneering marketing tactics and sales strategies Offers an historic perspective, as well as a contemporary look, at how the company has evolved Engaging and informative, Amway Forever is a must-read for anyone interested in this company's unique business model and buzzworthy emergence into a global success.
Reputation is important to all of us. Reputations at Stake provides evidence-based and engaging examples that reveal a compelling story about the phenomenon of reputation. Organisations cannot ignore reputation because it impacts the sales of its products or services, its share price if publicly listed, and the types of employees it can attract and retain. Reputation is relevant for governments and politicians because it influences public perceptions and voting. It also relates to us at an individual level and impacts on how we can operate and integrate within our home, work, and social lives. Reputation is not merely a macro-level strategic issue (e.g., for governments, corporations, or cha...