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Qualitative evaluations of buccal smear specimens have indicated an unusually high incidence of triple-X females in a hospitalized schizo phrenic population. Specimens from adult prisoners have also indicated an unusually high incidence of triple-X females. Studies of a population of confined juvenile offenders, on the other hand, have indicated an unusually high incidence of one-X females. No unusual indications were observed in a population of "normal" volunteer females. The data and their implications are discussed in context with previous observations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was made possible primarily by research grants from the Scottish Rite Committee on Research in Schizophrenia, ...
A multidisciplinary account of the reforms in psychiatry and mental health in Britain during 1960-2010 and their relation to society.
This book reviews key recent advances and new frontiers within psychiatric research and clinical practice. These advances either represent or are enabling paradigm shifts in the discipline and are influencing how we observe, derive and test hypotheses, and intervene. Progress in information technology is allowing the collection of scattered, fragmented data and the discovery of hidden meanings from stored data, and the impacts on psychiatry are fully explored. Detailed attention is also paid to the applications of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science technology in psychiatry and to their role in the development of new hypotheses, which in turn promise to lead to new di...
Beginning with a tour of the brain, Dr. Hedaya explains how the brain works and how brain function relates to physical symptoms and cognitive and emotional well-being. He explains how biological psychiatrists consider the biology of the individual as an integral part of the whole picture and demonstrates a new way of conceptualizing clinical problems. Understanding Biological Psychiatry provides information in three basic areas: Chapters 1 and 2 outline basic scientific foundations and core concepts in biological psychiatry; chapters 3 and 4 review biological theories and medical mimics of the major psychiatric disorders; chapters 5 and 6 discuss medication and practical issues, including th...
A method of behavioral control which utilizes nutritive sucking as the operant has been evolved in our laboratory. Using this technique we studied the role of arousal and learning in the development of environ mental control over earliest feeding behavior. Few of the infants in our studies were able to coordinate their sucking behavior to arbitrary operant-discrimination schedules, but when the individual pattern of suck ing was taken into consideration, some infants rapidly adapted to the reinforcement schedule. Data from various reinforcement schedules suggest that earliest mothering involves a mutual adaptation in which the nurturing environment approximates and then entrains the infant's...
"Although efforts to examine the structure and function of the human brain stretch back centuries (Paluzzi et al, 2007), techniques allowing the study of living humans are a relatively recent development. Early investigators confined themselves to largely studying external features, with 18th century methodologies such as phrenology purporting to link extracranial proxies for brain size and structure to specific personality traits (Livianos-Aldana et al, 2007). However, these techniques did not prove useful for either clinical or research purposes. Two-dimensional x-ray imaging, while constituting an important medical advance, did not provide sufficient soft tissue contrast to be useful for studying "functional" psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder; techniques to enhance contrast, such as ventriculography and pneumoencephalography were similarly limited (Figure 1.1). Wide-spread in vivo studies of brain morphometry had to await the development of computed tomography imaging (CT) in the early 1970s. By the early 1980s CT was already being applied to the study of bipolar disorder (Pearlson et al, 1981)"--
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Estimates indicate that as many as 1 in 4 Americans will experience a mental health problem or will misuse alcohol or drugs in their lifetimes. These disorders are among the most highly stigmatized health conditions in the United States, and they remain barriers to full participation in society in areas as basic as education, housing, and employment. Improving the lives of people with mental health and substance abuse disorders has been a priority in the United States for more than 50 years. The Community Mental Health Act of 1963 is considered a major turning point in America's efforts to improve behavioral healthcare. It ushered in an era of optimism and hope and laid the groundwork for th...