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Strategy in strengthening the national security against the Indonesian Communist Party rewakening possibility.
History of the students protests in Indonesia, 1966.
Role of Sukitman, a policeman, in finding Lubang Buaya, South Jakarta, the site where the generals were killed by G.30.S/PKI, the abortive coup in Indonesia, 1965.
History of the students protests at the end of Soekarno's rule, 1966.
On nationalism, student and youth movements in the history of Indonesia.
Essays reflecting on Indonesian politics, economics; collection of papers.
This book develops a framework for analyzing the creation and consolidation of democracy. Different social groups prefer different political institutions because of the way they allocate political power and resources. Thus democracy is preferred by the majority of citizens, but opposed by elites. Dictatorship nevertheless is not stable when citizens can threaten social disorder and revolution. In response, when the costs of repression are sufficiently high and promises of concessions are not credible, elites may be forced to create democracy. By democratizing, elites credibly transfer political power to the citizens, ensuring social stability. Democracy consolidates when elites do not have strong incentive to overthrow it. These processes depend on (1) the strength of civil society, (2) the structure of political institutions, (3) the nature of political and economic crises, (4) the level of economic inequality, (5) the structure of the economy, and (6) the form and extent of globalization.
History of the student movement in Bandung, Indonesia, 1960-1967.
With the conclusion of Indonesia's long and arduous struggle for independence most of its people believed there would be a rapid improvement of social and economic conditions. During the early years of independence some progress was made in this direction, most prominently in education, and for the time being at least Indonesian society did become somewhat more egalitarian than in the colonial period. But the degree of improvement fell far short of expectations, and disillusionment and frustration led increasingly to an understandable tendency to blame the central government in Jakarta for the inadequate measures taken to meet the expectations that had been aroused during the revolution. For...