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Surface photovoltage (SPV) techniques provide information about photoactive materials with respect to charge separation in space. This book aims to share experience in measuring and analyzing SPV signals and addresses researchers and developers interested in learning more about and in applying SPV methods. For this purpose, basics about processes in photoactive materials and principles of SPV measurements are combined with examples from research and development over the last two decades.SPV measurements with Kelvin probes, fixed capacitors, electron beams and photoelectrons are explained. Details are given for continuous, modulated and transient SPV spectroscopy. Simulation principles of SPV signals by random walks are introduced and applied for small systems. Application examples are selected for the characterization of silicon surfaces, gallium arsenide layers, electronic states in colloidal quantum dots, transport phenomena in metal oxides and local charge separation across photocatalytic active crystallites.
A modern challenge is for solar cell materials to enable the highest solar energy conversion efficiencies, at costs as low as possible, and at an energy balance as sustainable as necessary in the future. This textbook explains the principles, concepts and materials used in solar cells. It combines basic knowledge about solar cells and the demanded criteria for the materials with a comprehensive introduction into each of the four classes of materials for solar cells, i.e. solar cells based on crystalline silicon, epitaxial layer systems of III-V semiconductors, thin-film absorbers on foreign substrates, and nano-composite absorbers. In this sense, it bridges a gap between basic literature on ...
Das Buch deckt alle Aspekte des Hygienemanagements und der Infektionsprävention in medizinischen und sozialen Einrichtungen ab. Es geht auf Risikofaktoren ebenso ein wie auf Fragen der Wirtschaftlichkeit und Umsetzbarkeit. Alle Inhalte wurden komplett aktualisiert. Durch die Berücksichtigung der rechtlichen Grundlagen der Infektionsprävention in Österreich und der Schweiz ist das Buch auch für Nutzer*innen aus diesen Ländern ein wertvolles Nachschlagewerk. Neu in der 4. Auflage u.a.: - Krankenhausmikrobiom - Antiseptic Stewardship - Aufbereitung von Einmalprodukten - Synergien zwischen Krankenhaushygiene, Infektionsprävention, Diagnostic Stewardship und Antibiotic Stewardship (ABS) Au...
The authors introduce geomathematics as an active research area to a wider audience. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to the Earth as a system to apply scientific methods. Emphasis is laid on transfers from virtual models to reality and vice versa. In the second chapter geomathematics is introduced as a new scientific area which nevertheless has its roots in antiquity. The modern conception of geomathematics is outlined from different points of view and its challenging nature is described as well as its interdisciplinarity. Geomathematics is shown as the bridge between the real world and the virtual world. The complex mathematical tools are shown from a variety of fields necessary to tackl...
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Im Mittelpunkt der Palliativmedizin steht die Behandlung und Begleitung von Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren, progredienten und weit fortgeschrittenen Erkrankung bei begrenzter Lebenserwartung, wie z. B. Tumorerkrankungen, AIDS, chronische internistische, neurologische und geriatrische Erkrankungen sowie pädiatrische Stoffwechselerkrankungen in der Terminalphase. Ziele des ganzheitlichen Behandlungskonzeptes sind die umfassende und fachgerechte Linderung belastender Krankheitssymptome, Hilfe bei der Krankheitsbewältigung, Rehabilitation, Verbesserung der Lebensqualität und Sterbebegleitung. Um diese zu erreichen, ist es notwendig, dass Ärzte verschiedener Fachrichtungen, Pflegepersona...
This cutting-edge research companion addresses our current understanding of literary journalism’s global scope and evolution, offering an immersive study of how different nations have experimented with and perfected the narrative journalistic form/genre over time. The Routledge Companion to World Literary Journalism demonstrates the genre’s rich genealogy and global impact through a comprehensive study of its many traditions, including the crónica, the ocherk, reportage, the New Journalism, the New New Journalism, Jornalismo literário, periodismo narrativo, bao gao wen xue, creative nonfiction, Literarischer Journalismus, As-SaHafa al Adabiyya, and literary nonfiction. Contributions fr...
This book synthesizes the conceptual and applied aspects of rural livelihoods as a discipline, and collates the analytical frameworks and approaches that have been designed, applied, and discussed over the last five decades. These include the sustainable livelihoods approach with its vulnerability-asset construct, collective governance of common pool resources, livelihood trajectories and poverty dynamics, rights-based approach and social justice, graduation approach for the ultra-poor, and the resilience framework to address complex risks. The book is divided into three parts, namely: introduction to rural livelihoods; synthesis of the present state of knowledge; and strengthening the knowl...