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The rapid identification and characterization of genes of neurological relevance holds great potential for offering insight into the diagnosis, management, and und- standing of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of neurological diseases. This volume in the Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series was conceived to highlight many of the contemporary methodological approaches utilized for the characterization of neu- logically relevant gene mutations and their protein products. Although an emphasis has been placed upon descriptions of methodologies with a defined clinical utility, it is hoped that Neurogenetics: Methods and Protocols will appeal not only to clinical laboratory diagnosticians, but als...
A collection of key cytogenetic and FISH techniques used by modern clinical laboratories in the genetic analysis of human malignancies. The book's practical advice and methods are suitable for use at every level of expertise, including fully established laboratories, but with a sympathetic bias towards anyone considering setting up a new cytogenetics service. Here the reader will find not only elementary tutorials on the fundamentals of human karyotypes and chromosome analysis, but also detailed discussions on how laboratories may optimally upgrade their repertoire of capabilities to include such newer complementary techniques as CGH, FISH, and M-FISH.
Determination of the protein sequence is as important today as it was a half century ago, even though the techniques and purposes have changed over time. Mass spectrometry has continued its recent rapid development to find notable application in the characterization of small amounts of protein, for example, in the field of proteomics. The “traditional” chemical N-terminal sequencing is still of great value in quality assurance of the increasing number of biopharmaceuticals that are to be found in the clinic, checking processing events of recombinant proteins, and so on. It is joined in the armory of me- ods of protein analysis by such techniques as C-terminal sequencing and amino acid an...
In our first protocols book, Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols (1), r- erence to in vivo, ex vivo, or in situ techniques were few compared to classical biochemical assays and only 6 of the 40 chapters were concerned with these applications. In our second book, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols (2), which is being published concurrently with this third volume, Oxidants and Antioxidants: Ultrastructure and Molecular Biology Protocols, the number of such chapters has increased. The literature dealing with histoche- cal/cytochemical and immunohistochemical techniques and staining to identify cellular/subcellular sites of oxidative stress has expanded rapidly, as has the ...
Inflammation has been described as the basis of many pathologies of human disease. When one considers the updated signs of inflammation, they would be vasodilation, cell migration, and, in the case of chronic inflam- tion, cell proliferation, often with an underlying autoimmune basis. Gen- ally, inflammation may be divided into acute, chronic, and autoimmune, - though the editors believe that most, if not all, chronic states are often the result of an autoimmune response to an endogenous antigen. Thus, a proper understanding of the inflammatory basis may provide clues to new therap- tic targets not only in classical inflammatory diseases, but atherosclerosis, cancer, and ischemic heart disea...
It has become clear that tumors arise from excessive cell proliferation and a c- responding reduction in cell death. Tumors result from the successive accumulation of mutations in key regulatory target genes over time. During the 1980s, a number of oncogenes were characterized, whereas from the 1990s to the present, the emphasis shifted to tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). It has become clear that oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes function in the same pathways, providing positive and ne- tive growth regulatory activities. The signaling pathways controlled by these genes involve virtually every process in cell biology, including nuclear events, cell cycle, cell death, cytoskeletal, cell membr...
This collection of robust, readily reproducible methods for microarray-based studies includes expert guidance in the optimal data analysis and informatics. On the methods side are proven techniques for monitoring subcellular RNA localization en masse, for mapping chromosomes at the resolution of a single gene, and for surveying the steady-state genome-wide distribution of DNA binding proteins in vivo. For those workers dealing with massive data sets, the book discusses the methodological aspects of data analysis and informatics in the design of microarray experiments, the choice of test statistic, and the assessment of observational significance, data reduction, and clustering.
A comprehensive collection of readily reproducible techniques for the difficult process of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) discovery and genotyping. These cutting-edge protocols for mutation/SNP detection utilize denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC), single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE), chemical cleavage, and direct sequencing. Equally powerful and up-to-date methods are given for genotyping SNPs, including molecular beacons, the Taqman assay, single-base extension approaches, pyrosequencing, ligation, the Invader assay, and primer extension with mass spectrometry detection.
Leading researchers in the biological, chemical, and physical investigation of superantigens describe in step-by-step detail their best experimental techniques to assess the physical characteristics and biological effects of superantigens. Their protocols range from those for investigating the interactions of superantigens with cellular receptors to those for the analysis of their immunological and biological effects, including methods for using BIOcore to determine binding kinetics and establishing various lymphocyte cell culture systems. There are also accounts of such methods as the RNase protection assay, cytokine ELISA, FACS analysis, and cytokine production at the single cell level..
A collection of cutting-edge techniques for using capillary electrophoresis (CE) to analyze complex carbohydrates. These readily reproducible protocols provide methods for sample preparation, analysis of mono- and oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycoconjugates. A useful appendix describes the structures of the most commonly encountered carbohydrate residues and olgosaccharides from mammalian and bacterial origins. Each protocol contains detailed information on reagents, apparatus, notes, comments, and tips on procedures.