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Just like today, with high-specification computers being used to design even higher specification models for the next generation, the making of machines to make machines was one of the most important aspects of the Industrial Revolution. The lathe, for example, is the oldest known machine tool and dates back to antiquity, but it wasn't until the late 17th century that such industries as clock making, the building of scientific instruments, furniture and gun makers, began to convert from woodworking lathes to ones that ware capable of machining metal. Craftsmen needed precise machines that could shape metal gears, cut metal screws and stamp shapes out of metal, thus enabling others to assemble their products.
Richard Bosworth's overview of Italy's role in European and world politics from 1860 to 1960 is lively and iconclastic. Based on a combination of primary research and secondary material he examines Italian diplomacy, military power, commerce, culture, tourism and ideology. His account challenges many aspects of current Italian historiography and offers an original vision of the place of Italy in modern history.
Vols. 39-214 (1874/75-1921/22) have a section 2 containing "Other selected papers"; issued separately, 1923-35, as the institution's Selected engineering papers.
The main purpose of the eleven contributions to this volume is to reconsider and re-assess the role of cores and peripheries in shaping modern socio-technical systems. From this perspective they explore a terrain of highly complex systems mainly operating on the so-called Western model: Railways, telegraphs, motor vehicles and airports were, in fact, all born in classic cores areas in the West and then spread out into the peripheries. The approach in itself is not new, but this volume has managed to bring out interestingly innovative elements and viewpoints. The contributors are not content with the traditional definitions of peripheries and flows, but tend to put them to the test, revise them and eventually offer critiques. The result is a tempering of the monolithic and traditional concept of a one-way transfer. No longer, therefore, a simple and linear act of adoption, but a recourse to adaptation – changes in meaning, use and perception. The volume is a starting point for future explorations on the subject of science and technology studies and takes part in a wider discussion of globalisation, global and transnational history.
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