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Since the 1997 Kyoto protocol of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the development of novel refrigerators has been a priority within the scientific community. Although magnetocaloric materials are promising candidates, they still need a large magnetic field to induce a giant ΔT as well as powerful and costly magnets. However, in electrocaloric materials (ECMs) a temperature change may be achieved by applying or removing an electric field. Since a giant electrocaloric effect on ferroelectric thin films was reported in Science in 2006, researchers have been inspired to explore such effect in different ferroelectric thin films. This book reviews electrocaloric effects observed in bulk materials as well as recent promising advances in thin films, with special emphasis on the ferroelectric, antiferroelectric and relaxor nature of ECMs. It reports a number of considerations about the future of ECMs as a means of achieving an efficient, ecologically sustainable and low cost refrigerator.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Information Technologies and Mathematical Modelling, ITMM 2019, named after A.F. Terpugov, held in Saratov, Russia, in June 2019. The 25 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 72 submissions. The conference covers various aspects of information technologies, focusing on queueing theory, stochastic processes, Markov processes, renewal theory, network performance equation and network protocols.
Esta coletânea reflete a riqueza dos diálogos interdisciplinares que se dão no cotidiano de um programa de pós-graduação feminista formado por pesquisadoras, pesquisadores e estudantes de formações acadêmicas variadas. Ao longo de nove capítulos, o livro oferece um panorama de diferentes temáticas e perspectivas teórico-metodológicas que revela o quanto o passado se encontra enredado ao presente. Além disso, permite vislumbrar devires, seja nas formas de agenciamento das mulheres sobre suas escolhas e vidas, seja nas diferentes estratégias elaboradas tanto nos centros urbanos como na zona rural, no Brasil, na América Latina, na Europa central ou mesmo no Egito.
Why small business is not the basis of American prosperity, not the foundation of American democracy, and not the champion of job creation. In this provocative book, Robert Atkinson and Michael Lind argue that small business is not, as is widely claimed, the basis of American prosperity. Small business is not responsible for most of the country's job creation and innovation. American democracy does not depend on the existence of brave bands of self-employed citizens. Small businesses are not systematically discriminated against by government policy makers. Rather, Atkinson and Lind argue, small businesses are not the font of jobs, because most small businesses fail. The only kind of small fi...
This new encyclopedia discusses the extraordinary importance of internet technologies, with a particular focus on the Web.
Unique in its breadth of coverage, Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing is a comprehensive, authoritative and enjoyable guide to women's fiction, prose, poetry and drama from around the world in the second half of the twentieth century. Over the course of 1000 entries by over 150 international contributors, a picture emerges of the incredible range of women's writing in our time, from Toni Morrison to Fleur Adcock- all are here. This book includes the established and well-loved but also opens up new worlds of modern literature which may be unfamiliar but are never less than fascinating.