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The executive branch of government in Europe is being gradually transformed in several significant respects. First, executive power has been continuously strengthened at the EU level in the form of the European Commission, EU-level agencies and diplomatic and military staff in the Union Council secretariat. Second, EU executive bodies relate directly to (regulatory) authorities at the national level in charge of applying (and partly preparing) EU laws and programmes, partly circumventing ministerial departments. Thus, parts of national administrations become parts of an integrated and multi-level Union administration as well as parts of national executives. Such a system with multiple political masters raises delicate questions about political steering and accountability. This book focuses on this fascinating development both from a political science and a legal perspective, encompassing the consolidation of the supranational executive as well as its relationships with its ‘partners’ at the national level. This book was published as a special issue of West European Politics.
A European Politics of Education proposes a sociology of education establishing connections between empirical data coming from European-scale comparative surveys, normative assumptions structuring actors’ representations and interpretative judgements, and a specific focus on Lifelong Learning policy areas. It invites readers to think about the place of standards, expertise and calculations in the European space from a common perspective, supported by a tradition of critical sociology and European political studies. The book: Addresses an important agenda: how the policies and politics of supranational Europe are making a European educational space Contains a response to the emergence of ne...
This book examines environmental policy change in twenty-eight Central and Eastern European and Latin American countries against a background of significant political and economic transformation over the past two decades. Through cross-regional comparison and a multi-methods approach, Jale Tosun investigates changes in the regulation of air, soil, and water pollution, genetically modified corn, and the sustainable management of forests. Tosun also looks at the relationship between system transformation and the creation of environmental procuracies in both parts of the world. Environmental Policy Change in Emerging Market Democracies demonstrates that, although political and economic transformations have positively affected environmental policy in both regions, the extent of policy change varies considerably across Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America. At the same time, as Tosun argues, economic integration has acted as a major driver of a stronger governmental enforcement commitment as expressed by the creation of environmental procuracies.
Many international and supranational organisations have lately been busy modernising their internal administration. But nowhere has management change received a similar amount of attention than in the case of the European Commission. Although the perception prevails that the Commission has been losing out in recent years, this vivid interest, academic as well as public, in the so-called Kinnock reform suggests that this organisation still remains "at the heart of the Union". The proposition of this book thus is simple. If it remains true that the Commission is an essential part within the (admittedly complex) equation of EU policy-making, changes of the administration basis of this actor are...
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, IVA 2015, held in Delft, The Netherlands, in August 2015. The 11 full papers, 22 short papers, and 21 demo and poster papers accepted were carefully reviewed and selected from 70 submissions. Constructing and studying intelligent virtual agents requires knowledge , theories, methods, and tools from a wide range of fields such as computer science, psychology, cognitive sciences, communication, linguistics, interactive media, human-computer interaction, and artificial intelligence. The papers are organized in topical sections such as adaptive dialogue and user modeling; cognitive, affective and social models; nonverbal behavior and gestures; pedagogical agents in health and training; tools and frameworks; turn-taking; virtual agent perception studies.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, IVA 2013, held in Edinburgh, UK, in August 2013. There was a total of 94 submissions. The 18 full and 18 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. In addition, the volume lists the 34 posters which were on display during the conference. The papers are organized in topical sections named: cognitive models; applications; dialogue, language, speech; non-verbal behaviour; and social, cultural models and agents.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, IVA 2014, held in Boston, MA, USA, in August 2014. The 14 full and 24 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 78 submissions. In addition, the volume includes 25 demo and poster papers which were on display during the conference. The papers cover many aspects of intelligent virtual agent theory and application with a special focus on their use in healthcare.
This book discusses research, methods, and recent developments in the interdisciplinary field that spans research in visualization, eye tracking, human-computer interaction, and psychology. It presents extended versions of papers from the First Workshop on Eye Tracking and Visualization (ETVIS), which was organized as a workshop of the IEEE VIS Conference 2015. Topics include visualization and visual analytics of eye-tracking data, metrics and cognitive models, eye-tracking experiments in the context of visualization interfaces, and eye tracking in 3D and immersive environments. The extended ETVIS papers are complemented by a chapter offering an overview of visualization approaches for analyzing eye-tracking data and a chapter that discusses electrooculography (EOG) as an alternative of acquiring information about eye movements. Covering scientific visualization, information visualization, and visual analytics, this book is a valuable resource for eye-tracking researchers within the visualization community.
Internationale Organisationen (IO) wurden geschaffen, um globale öffentliche Güter bereitzustellen: darunter Sicherheit für alle, Handel für die Reichsten und Entwicklung für die Ärmsten. Ihre bloße Existenz ist heute ein Erfolgsversprechen für die kooperative Wende in den internationalen Beziehungen. Obwohl das IO-Netz einst von etablierten Mächten geschaffen wurde, können sich aufstrebende Staaten der massiven Produktion von Normen kaum entziehen. IO sind allgegenwärtig und üben großen Einfluss auf die Welt, wie wir sie kennen, aus. Allerdings sind sich Herrscher und Beherrschte dieser zwingenden und schneeballartigen Prozesse kaum bewusst. Yves Schemeil hat seine fundierten Kenntnisse über die IO genutzt, um ihre aktuellen Auswirkungen auf die internationalen Beziehungen und die Weltpolitik sowie ihr Potenzial zur Gestaltung der globalen Zukunft zu analysieren.
This book addresses the important question of how the United Nations (UN) should monitor and evaluate the impact of police in its peace operations. UN peace operations are a vital component of international conflict management. Since the end of the Cold War one of the foremost developments has been the rise of UN policing (UNPOL). Instances of UNPOL action have increased dramatically in number and have evolved from passive observation to participation in frontline law enforcement activities. Attempts to ascertain the impact of UNPOL activities have proven inadequate. This book seeks to redress this lacuna by investigating the ways in which the effects of peace operations – and UNPOL in par...