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Eastern European Railways in Transition
During the nineteenth century, railway lines spread rapidly across Europe, linking the continent in ways unimaginable to previous generations. By the beginning of the twentieth century the great cities of the continent were linked by a complex and extensive rail network. Yet this high-point of interconnectivity, was abruptly cut-off after 1945, as the Cold War built barriers - both physical and ideological - between east and west. In this volume, leading transport history scholars take a fresh look at this situation, and the ramifications it had for Europe. As well as addressing the parallel development of railways either side of the Iron Curtain, the book looks at how transport links have b...
Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
This book focuses on sciences in the universities of Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the chapters in it provide an overview, mostly from the point of view of the history of science, of the different ways universities dealt with the institutionalization of science teaching and research. A useful book for understanding the deep changes that universities were undergoing in the last years of the 20th century. The book is organized around four central themes: 1) Universities in the longue durée; 2) Universities in diverse political contexts; 3) Universities and academic research; 4) Universities and discipline formation. The book is addressed at a broad readership which includes scholars and researchers in the field of General History, Cultural History, History of Universities, History of Education, History of Science and Technology, Science Policy, high school teachers, undergraduate and graduate students of sciences and humanities, and the general interested public.
The Rise and Decline of Communist Czechoslovakia ́s Railway Sector
Once the pride of interwar Czechoslovakia, and key during the forced industrialization of the Stalinist period, during the 1970s and 1980s the Czechoslovak railway sector showed the symptoms of the political tiredness and economic exhaustion of the Soviet Bloc. This book examines the failure of central economic planning through the lens of this national transport system. Based on the presentation of its history and on the detailed scrutiny of the actors, institutions, internal mechanisms, and conditions of the railway sector, the analysis reveals the identities of the real stakeholders in the state administration. This case shows how the country was governed by Communist Party institutions a...
Centrally Planned Economies
Offering a retrospective view of how the system operated in Communist Czechoslovakia, this book is an important voice in the discussion about the systems of central planning. The unique features of the book include in-depth research comprising both archival records and analyses of around 75 interviews conducted with period managers across a wide range of management levels. They provided evidence of pervasive inefficiency resulting in appalling economic outcomes. The book begins with a background to the politico-sociological system in Czechoslovakia and proceeds to describe the Marxist-Leninist ideological foundation of the regime, which underpinned the formal setting of the Czechoslovak mode...
The Routledge History Handbook of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
Statehood examines the extending lines of development of nation-state systems in Eastern Europe, in particular considering why certain tendencies in state development found a different expression in this region compared to other parts of the continent. This volume discusses the differences between the social developments, political decisions, and historical experience that have influenced processes of state-building, with a focus on the structural problems of the region and the different paths taken to overcome them. The book addresses processes of building social orders and examines the contribution of state institutions to social and cultural integration and disintegration. It analyses ins...
Ideocracies in Comparison
Ideocracies, or ideological dictatorships, such as the "Third Reich", the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China have, much more than any other kinds of autocracy, characterized the history of the 20th century. Despite their undeniable loss of significance, ideocracies have not disappeared from the world in the 21st century. This book explores the functioning of ideocracies and analyses the typical interplay of legitimation, co-optation and repression which autocratic elites use in an attempt to stabilize their rule. In the first part of the book, the contributors discuss the conceptual history of the ideocracy notion. The second part offers case studies pertaining to the Soviet S...
Collective Identities and Post-War Violence in Europe, 1944–48
This book analyses the process of ‘reshaping’ liberated societies in post-1945 Europe. Post-war societies tried to solve three main questions immediately after the dark times of occupation: Who could be considered a patriot and a valuable member of the respective national community? How could relations between men and women be (re-)established? How could the respective society strengthen national cohesion? Violence in rather different forms appeared to be a powerful tool for such a complex reshaping of societies. The chapters are based on present primary research about specific cases and consider the different political, mental, and cultural developments in various nation-states between 1944 and 1948. Examples from Italy, France, Norway, Denmark, Greece, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary demonstrate a new comparative and fascinating picture of post-war Europe. This perspective overcomes the notorious East-West dividing line, without covering the manifold differences between individual European countries.
Political Opposition in Theory and Central European Practice
This book offers interpretations of different forms of political opposition in political theory and also in the contemporary development of politics and government in Central Europe. The problem is analyzed through a comparative approach. The first part of the book targets the question of definitions and typologies of political opposition, above all, in democratic, but partly also in non-democratic regimes. The second part deals with the question of models of political opposition in Central Europe after the fall of communism in the late twentieth century and in the present.
Ideokratien im Vergleich
Ideocracies (or: ideological dictatorships) such as the "Third Reich", the Soviet Union and the People ́s Republic of China have much more than any other kinds of autocracy characterized the history of the 20th century. Despite their undeniable loss of significance, they have not disappeared from the world in the 21st century, for example China, Cuba or North Korea. By way of case studies and systematic comparisons the authors of this volume, political scientists, sociologists, philosophers and historians, shed light on the specific ways of functioning of ideocracies. In the focus of their attention there is the typical interplay of legitimation, cooptation and repression when autocratic elites are struggling to stabilize their rule.
Njëqind vjet marrëdhënie shqiptaro-çeko(sllovake)
Ky vëllim, i përbërë nga gjashtë studime të mirëfillta analitiko-historike dhe tre kontribute të karakterit ligjërim/rrëfim, ofron një vështrim historik të marrëdhënieve njëshekullore shqiptaro-çeko(slovake) jo vetëm në lëmet diplomatike dhe ekonomiko-tregetare, por dhe ato njerëzore, kulturore e arsimore. Ky libër zbulon se shqiptarët dhe çekët edhe pse gjeografikisht pak larg njëri-tjetrit, politikisht ndonjëherë jo dhe aq të interesuar, kanë kultivuar e kultivojnë jo vetëm lidhje të forta tregtare por edhe simpati reciproke që kanë ardhur si pasojë e lidhjeve të hershme si dhe shtimit në vazhdimësi të kontakteve të drejtëpërdrejta. Këto simpati ...
