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Preventing Banking Sector Distress and Crises in Latin America
World Bank Technical Paper No. 361. Education has emerged as an essential component of the transition to a market economy in Central and Eastern Europe. Although the countries of the region inherited broadly accessible education systems, the legacies of central planning have constrained the systems from fully adjusting to market economies. This study examines empirical trends in access to and financing of education in nine Central and East European countries by drawing on the findings of a World Bank project that examined the social risks facing people and the policy responses taken by governments since 1989. Chapters address access and participation, the labor market, financing, and staff in the education sector.
Measuring and Apportioning Rents from Hydroelectric Power Developments
Hydro resources are provided by nature. The exploitation of such resources can generate significant economic rent to the owners. In the past, governments have usually claimed ownership of hydroelectric resources and passed on the rents to their state-owned utilities, which have used them to expand their systems or provide lower tariffs to their consumers. With the restructuring of the electric power sector in many countries, a more explicit consideration of hydroelectric rents is required. Moreover, hydropower resources are often owned by more than one party, or at least require cooperation between parties to develop them. In this context, the measurement and apportionment of hydropower rents between cooperating parties becomes important. This paper addresses some of the issues involved in cooperative development of water resources, especially for hydroelectric generation. It promotes a better understanding of the sources of the benefits and attempts to derive an analytical basis for discussions between cooperating parties. This volume will be of interest to hydropower resource earning countries, hydropower developers, and Bank staff.
Closing the Gap in Access to Rural Communications
Aunque la reforma a las telecomunicaciones en Chile condujeron al desarrollo rapido en los anos 90 manejadas por el sector privado, las areas rurales seguian excluidas en gran parte debido al alto costo para proporcionar el servicio. En 1994, el gobierno establecio el Fondo para el Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones, financiado por presupuesto nacional para catalizar la inversion privada adicional y ponerla al servicio de las telecomunicaciones rurales.
Management and Resolution of Banking Crises
WBI Learning Resources Series. Water is a vital element for agricultural production and for economic development in general. However, the spatial and temporal distribution of water in Mexico restrains its use. Because of this distribution, it has been necessary to build a large infrastructure to capture, store, and allot this element among water users. Around the world, countries that once promoted more government involvement in irrigation management are adopting new policies that do just the opposite, creating incentives for farmers to take over the management of operations and maintenance, while government agencies focus on improving the management of water at the main system level. Is thi...
Focus on Capital
Local capital market development responds to the need to reduce the risk of financial crises that result from an excessive reliance on external borrowing -- for example, to avoid foreign exchange risk, reduce contagion, and decrease short-term external borrowing. In fact, as financial crises dwarf the role of financial intermediation, the problems of asymmetric information become even more severe, leading to greater public mistrust of financial institutions. The contributors in Focus on Capital tackle various aspects of developing Latin American capital markets. Macroeconomic and structural policies, accounting practices and standards, bond market development, market infrastructure, derivati...
Fostering Competition in China's Power Markets
This book compares the recent evolution of the structure of inputs and expenditure in Armenia's general education with international norms and practice. In the context of the government's sectoral reform strategy, it also outlines various proposals for restructuring the system. The purpose of this study is to clarify what the inefficiencies might mean for future costs and performance of the system, highlight the trade-offs involved, and identify measures needed to overcome constraints to rationalization.
Can High-Inequality Developing Countries Escape Absolute Poverty?
June 1997 At any positive rate of growth, the higher the initial inequality, the lower the rate at which income-poverty falls. It is possible for inequality to be high enough to lead to rising poverty, despite good underlying growth prospects. Do the poor face the same prospects for escaping poverty in high-inequality developing countries as in low-inequality countries? Is it possible for inequality to be so great as to stifle prospects of reducing absolute poverty, even when other initial conditions and policies are favorable to growth? Household survey data for developing countries suggest that initial distribution does affect how much the poor share in rising average incomes. Higher initi...
Economic Growth with Equity
"Ukraine's economy has been slipping backwards for nearly a decade, resulting in a significant fall in the living standards of the Ukrainian people. Putting Ukraine back on the path to prosperity will require policy makers to stop letting economic crises dictate the policy agenda. Short-term problems need to be dealt with in the context of a longer-term strategy." What strategy should Ukraine follow? This report identifies and evaluates three alternatives, all of which are under active consideration today as Ukraine considers what to do after ten years of halting reforms and economic decline. 'Economic Growth with Equity' evaluates each strategy in terms of its probable impact on fiscal balances, inflation, the current account deficit, economic growth, employment, and equity. The report makes recommendations on the best strategy to help Ukraine achieve its potential and recover from the present depression.
Strategic Management for Government Agencies
This paper presents a conceptual framework for the strategic management of government agencies in developing and transition economies. It delineates a working model of an efficient government agency for which core strategy, internal organizational design, and external environment are aligned. It then demonstrates how the objectives of public sector management are ideally based on assessments of "areas of misalignment" in government agencies.
