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The author studies the Smarandache Fuzzy Algebra, which, like its predecessor Fuzzy Algebra, arose from the need to define structures that were more compatible with the real world where the grey areas mattered, not only black or white.In any human field, a Smarandache n-structure on a set S means a weak structure {w(0)} on S such that there exists a chain of proper subsets P(n-1) in P(n-2) in?in P(2) in P(1) in S whose corresponding structures verify the chain {w(n-1)} includes {w(n-2)} includes? includes {w(2)} includes {w(1)} includes {w(0)}, where 'includes' signifies 'strictly stronger' (i.e., structure satisfying more axioms).This book is referring to a Smarandache 2-algebraic structure...
In a world of chaotic alignments, traditional logic with its strict boundaries of truth and falsity has not imbued itself with the capability of reflecting the reality. Despite various attempts to reorient logic, there has remained an essential need for an alternative system that could infuse into itself a representation of the real world. Out of this need arose the system of Neutrosophy (the philosophy of neutralities, introduced by FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE), and its connected logic Neutrosophic Logic, which is a further generalization of the theory of Fuzzy Logic. In this book we study the concepts of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) and their Neutrosophic analogue, the Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps...
In this book the authors define, describe, and develop the notion of complex valued graphs, complex neutrosophic valued graphs, and mod complex valued graphs in a systematic way. However complex neural networks have been analyzed and studied as early as 2003. This book gives several applications of them in medical diagnosis, soft computing, and so on.
Super Linear Algebras are built using super matrices. These new structures can be applied to all fields in which linear algebras are used. Super characteristic values exist only when the related super matrices are super square diagonal super matrices.Super diagonalization, analogous to diagonalization is obtained. These newly introduced structures can be applied to Computer Sciences, Markov Chains, and Fuzzy Models.
Generally, in any human field, a Smarandache Structure on a set A means a weak structure W on A such that there exists a proper subset B in A which is embedded with a stronger structure S. These types of structures occur in our everyday's life, that's why we study them in this book. Thus, as a particular case: A Non-associative ring is a non-empty set R together with two binary operations '+' and '.' such that (R, +) is an additive abelian group and (R, .) is a groupoid. For all a, b, c in R we have (a + b) . c = a . c + b . c and c . (a + b) = c . a + c . b. A Smarandache non-associative ring is a non-associative ring (R, +, .) which has a proper subset P in R, that is an associative ring (with respect to the same binary operations on R).
This book introduces the concept of fuzzy super matrices and operations on them. The author has provided only those operations on fuzzy supermatrices that are essential for developing super fuzzy multi expert models. We do not indulge in labourious use of suffixes or superfixes and difficult notations; instead we illustrate the working by simple examples. This book will be highly useful to social scientists who wish to work with multi expert models. An important feature of this book is its simple approach. Illustrations are given to make the method of approach to the problems easily understandable. Super fuzzy models using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Fuzzy Relational maps, Bidirectional Associative Memories and Fuzzy Associative Memories are defined here. Every model is a multi expert model. This book will certainly be a boon not only to social scientists but also to engineers, students, doctors and researchers. The authors introduce thirteen multi expert models using the notion of fuzzy supermatrices. These models are also described by illustrative examples.
The ?Vedas? are considered ?divine? in origin and are assumed to be revelations from God. In traditional Hinduism, the Vedas were to be learnt only by the ?upper? caste Hindus. The ?lower castes? (Sudras) and so-called ?untouchables? (who were outside the Hindu social order) were forbidden from even hearing to its recitation. In recent years, there have been claims that the Vedas contain the cure to AIDS and the production of electricity.Here the authors probe into Vedic Mathematics (that gained renown during the revivalist Hindutva rule in India and was introduced into school syllabus in several states); and explore if it is really ?Vedic? in origin or ?Mathematics? in content. To gain a be...
For the first time, the social problem of untouchability, which is peculiar to India, is being studied mathematically.We have used Fuzzy Cognitive Maps and Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps to analyze the views of the revolutionary Periyar E. V. Ramasamy (17.09.1879 24.12.1973) who relentlessly worked for more than five decades to secure the rights of the oppressed people who were considered untouchables. This thought-provoking book will be of great interest to human rights activists, socio-scientists, historians, and above all, mathematicians.From UNESCO citation: Periyar, The Prophet of the New Age, The Socrates of South East Asia, Father of the Social reform Movement and Arch Enemy of Ignorance, Superstition, Meaningless Customs and Baseless Manners.
This book introduces special classes of Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Matrices. These special classes of matrices are used in the construction of multi-expert special fuzzy models using FCM, FRM and FRE and their Neutrosophic analogues (simultaneous or otherwise according to ones need). Using the six basic models, we have constructed a multi-expert multi-model called Super Special Hexagonal Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Model.Given any special input vector, these models can give the resultant using special operations. When coupled with computer programming, these operations can give the solution within a reasonable time period.Such multi-expert multi-model systems are not only a boon to social scientists, but also to anyone who wants to use Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Models.