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Fundus images of the retina are color images of the eye taken by specially designed digital cameras. Ophthalmologists rely on fundus images to diagnose various diseases that affect the eye, such as diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. A crucial preliminary step in the analysis of retinal images is the identification and localization of important anatomical structures, such as the optic nerve head (ONH), the macula, and the major vascular arcades. Identification of the ONH is an important initial step in the detection and analysis of the anatomical structures and pathological features in the retina. Different types of retinal pathology may be detected and analyzed via the appl...
Increasingly, biomedical scientists and engineers are involved in projects, design, or research and development that involve humans or animals. The book presents general concepts on professionalism and the regulation of the profession of engineering, including a discussion on what is ethics and moral conduct, ethical theories and the codes of ethics that are most relevant for engineers. An ethical decision-making process is suggested. Other issues such as conflicts of interest, plagiarism, intellectual property, confidentiality, privacy, fraud, and corruption are presented. General guidelines, the process for obtaining ethics approval from Ethics Review Boards, and the importance of obtainin...
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a member of the family of non-coding RNA molecules, and consist of small conserved sequences between 19–25 nucleotides in length that are responsible for regulating many cellular functions by affecting a wide range of messenger RNAs in a sequence specific manner. Fundamental biological processes like cell proliferation and growth, stress resistance, tumorigenesis, fat metabolism, and neural development have all been shown to be governed by miRNAs. miRNAs carry out the post-transcriptional silencing of gene expression via targeting the 30-untranslated region (UTR) of the complementary mRNA sequence. The dysregulation of the expression levels of various miRNAs is typic...
At this critical stage in the Doha Round of the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations, this authoritative report takes stock of the limited progress that has been made since the Ministerial Conference in Cancùn in September 2003. There is a detailed, critical assessment of what has actually happened and where the WTO stands after the Ministerial Conference of December 2005 in Hong Kong. The conclusions are stark, casting doubt on whether the target dates of April and July 2006 for agreeing modalities in agriculture and non-agriculture market access (NAMA) and submitting schedules of commitments in both areas are achievable. In spite of further bargaining sessions between various Ministerial groups in camera, little if anything has occurred since the beginning of the year to raise hopes that these deadlines may be met. The report brings readers up-to-date on some key revisions in WTO practice under these headings: Anti-dumping Regulations and Practices (with particular reference to EU Law); Resolving Trade Disputes in the WTO; Private Party Enforcement of WTO Law in the EC; Legal Context Mechanisms for Regulating Environmental Barriers to Trade within the WTO.
Recent advances in development of sequencing technology has resulted in a deluge of genomic data. In order to make sense of this data, there is an urgent need for algorithms for data processing and quantitative reasoning. An emerging in silico approach, called computational genomic signatures, addresses this need by representing global species-specific features of genomes using simple mathematical models. This text introduces the general concept of computational genomic signatures, and it reviews some of the DNA sequence models which can be used as computational genomic signatures. The text takes the position that a practical computational genomic signature consists of both a model and a mea...
The fourth edition of the Repertory of Reports and Awards (the 'Repertory') serves first and foremost as a source of information for those interested in the field of international trade law. Initially developed as an internal research tool to assist the Appellate Body Secretariat in carrying out its duty to provide legal support to Appellate Body Members, the Repertory has become a practical tool for officials from WTO Member States, and in particular for Members (including developing-country Members) that may not have the resources to prepare a similar compendium in-house. The Repertory is also of assistance to academics, students, private practitioners and other followers of international trade law and dispute settlement.
Biomedical Signals and Systems is meant to accompany a one-semester undergraduate signals and systems course. It may also serve as a quick-start for graduate students or faculty interested in how signals and systems techniques can be applied to living systems. The biological nature of the examples allows for systems thinking to be applied to electrical, mechanical, fluid, chemical, thermal and even optical systems. Each chapter focuses on a topic from classic signals and systems theory: System block diagrams, mathematical models, transforms, stability, feedback, system response, control, time and frequency analysis and filters. Embedded within each chapter are examples from the biological wo...
This Standard stipulates the test and calculation method that uses the carbon balance method to calculate fuel consumption, and the inspection and determination method of production conformity through the determination of automobile carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Standard Conference on Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Services, ISCTCS 2013, held in Beijing, China, in November 2013. The 49 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 267 papers. The topics covered are trustworthy infrastructure; security, survivability and fault tolerance; standards, evaluation and certification; trustworthiness of services.