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Nurses and Midwives in the Digital Age
Nurses and midwives must increasingly work in multi-disciplinary teams and engage with patients to navigate the data and information central to today’s digitally-driven healthcare system. This book presents the proceedings of NI 2021, the 15th International Congress in Nursing Informatics. Originally planned to be held in 2020, the international year of the nurse and midwife, but postponed due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the conference, with the theme of nursing and midwifery in the digital age, was eventually held as a virtual event from 23 August to 2 September 2021, and the organizers made the decision to take advantage of its virtual nature and extend it to 9 days, with each day focusi...
Research Advances of Tuberculosis Vaccine and its Implication on COVID-19
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The number of deaths caused by TB is second only to COVID-19. Therefore, vaccination plays an essential role in the prevention and control of TB. However, the efficacy of currently licensed TB vaccine, bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG), varies from 0%-80% in adults, and the protection only lasts for 10-15 years. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop advanced TB vaccines against TB infections.
Precision Vaccinology for Infectious Diseases
The Human body is a vast network of interacting genes, proteins, and metabolites. These components, which may be considered host factors, change under disease, treatment or healthy condition. While treatment of many diseases depends on therapeutic drugs, vaccines remain the most effective long-term public health intervention to prevent infectious diseases. To date, vaccines have been developed to treat entire populations with little provision for predisposing individual host factor differences. However, the use and application of vaccines is facing multiple challenges with increasing numbers of vaccine non-responders and vaccine-relapsed individuals. The cause of this complication is partially due to host-factors. Another challenge is the adverse effects of vaccines in patients with primary immunodeficiency or autoimmune diseases, as well as vaccine-waning immunity in ageing populations, obese populations, or those with co-infection. To overcome these challenges, the solution may be the design, and formulation of precision vaccines, which are patient-specific.
COVID-19 booster vaccination: increasing immunity against life-threatening infection
Although COVID-19 full prime vaccination generates immunity against severe and life-threatening infections, there are still cases of breakthrough infections. This might be due to several causes — such as the fact that full prime vaccination might not generate enough immunity; that immunity wanes over time; or that the elderly, immunocompromised, transplant recipients and people with underlying diseases could suffer severe infections regardless of vaccination. Moreover, emerging new variants of concern (such as Delta or Omicron) that are highly infective and evade immunity could increase breakthrough infection. Booster shots could increase immunity and reduce the likelihood of having severe...
