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Dynamic Response to Foreign Transfers and Terms-of-trade Shocks in Open Economies
Both permanent and transitory disturbances can change long- run capacity and output -- although they may have opposite effects on the current account. Liquidity constraints and wage rigidities tend to amplify the cyclical adjustment to external shocks.
Strengthening Uganda's Policy Environment for Investing in University Development
In recent years, Makerere University has experienced increasing student and staff unrest. The academic community is demoralized by tight government controls on spending-- especially by inaction on staff salary demands. Donor support will not be forthcoming without broad policy reform in higher education, rather than piecemeal reform.
Pollution Control in a Decentralized Economy
In general, the most effective approach is a state abatement subsidy -- kept low -- combined with a pollution tax. But when federal or state inspection capabilities are limited, federal monitoring subsidies may be an effective substitute.
Enterprise Reform in Eastern Europe
Applying Western textbook solutions to the problems of enterprise reform in Eastern Europe is likely to be counterproductive. Policy design must be imaginative and explicitly incorporate the political constraints and incentive problems specific to the region, leading to new approaches to enterprise and banking reform.
Economic Development, Environmental Regulation, and the International Migration of Toxic Industrial Pollution, 1960-88
Net displacement of toxic intensity toward developing countries may not have been inevitable in the last two decades. And toxic industrial migration seems to have been the result of restrictive trade policies in the developing countries themselves more than of regulatory cost differences between the North and the South.
Congestion Charging Mechanisms for Roads
Of the many direct and indirect methods for road use, the key alternatives for reducing road congestion are (1) cordon pricing using manual tollbooths, (2) supplementary vehicle licensing, (3) automatic vehicle identification, and (4) smart card technology.
Political Economy of Policy Reform in Turkey in the 1980s
Among the lessons from Turkey's experience with economic policy reform: The political management of reform requires building and institutionalizing coalitions of beneficiaries from reform.
