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This is a sourcebook on gender quotas in nations that experienced multiple generations of Communist Party rule. We built the book from a variety of sources and disciplines for use in research, teaching, and activism. We intend for the book to provide an introduction to gender quota policy and, thus, to the cross-national problem of women’s political inequality of voice. This book features the voice of the parliamentarians whose job it is to write, promote, and enforce the policies that help move society from gender inequality to gender equality. Nations with a Communist past have been underrepresented in the English-language scholarship on political representation and gender inequality. Th...
Learn everything you need to about Poland! The Key Facts on Poland provides readers with essential statistical and business information on the country, including: -Background of Poland -Geography of Poland -People and Society of Poland -Government and Key Leaders of Poland -Economy of Poland -Energy Resources of Poland -Communications in Poland -Transportation in Poland -Military of Poland -Transnational Issues of Poland The Internationalist Business Guides provide crucial up-to-date facts on countries around the world. Visit us at www.internationalist.com
Preservation constitutes the chief business of archives, yet they are as seriously threatened with destruction as other library collections. From environmental factors such as termites or air pollution to political situations such as war to natural catastrophes such as fire or earthquake, the causes are many.Reporting on the extent of the loss among 6,250 archives in 105 countries worldwide, Joan van Albada reviews the contributing factors and counteractive measures used -- alarm systems, microfilming, changes in the storage, air conditioning, and more.Complementing this overview are articles on specific situations and their solutions, including the reconstruction of the archives in 15th-century Constantinople ... the peculiarities of the Senegal archival system ... and the recent situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina. French and English abstracts summarize the content of each article.
"Drawing on archival sources in eight countries, [author] reconstructs the lost story of Jewish white slavery and explores the response to this phenomenon by Jews around the world."--Book jacket.
Pp. 37-42, 161-167, 176-182, and 227-326 deal with Jews. Argues that Polish nationalism did not inevitably lead to antisemitism. Romantic nationalism ca. 1830-63 was inclusive, displaying openness toward Jews. After the uprising of 1863, when antisemitism was temporarily silenced, positivism was influential among the Polish intelligentsia. This movement has been considered philosemitic, tending toward liberalism and allowing for Jews to be assimilated, i.e. "civilized" by the development of history. In the 1880s Jan Jelenski was the first Pole to refer to himself as an antisemite, but he was isolated among the intelligentsia. His ideas then became influential as antisemitism increased in all spheres and forms. The National Democrats lost hope in history, seeing the world as an arena of the struggle for survival. They considered the Jews unassimilable and dangerous parasites who had to be conquered or exterminated.
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In 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte created the Duchy of Warsaw from the Polish lands that had been ceded to France by Prussia. His Civil Code was enforced in the new Duchy too and, unlike the Catholic Church, it allowed the dissolution of marriage by divorce. This book sheds new light on the application of Napoleonic divorce regulations in the Polish lands between 1808-1852. Unlike what has been argued so far, this book demonstrates that divorces were happening frequently in 19th century Poland and even with the same rate as in France. In addition to the analysis of the Napoleonic divorce law, the reader is provided with a fully comprehensive description of parties as well as courts and officials involved in divorce proceedings, their course and the grounds for divorce.