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The work addresses the following questions in the context of interglacial climate dynamics: (i) What are the amplitudes of natural climate variations on timescales of several years to millennia? (ii) Do abrupt changes in the large-scale circulation of the Atlantic Ocean occur in interglacials? (iii) Which biogeochemical feedback mechanisms control the natural limits of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols? (iv) Which linkages exist between climate and pre-industrial cultures? The work is based on an integrated approach in paleoclimate research, in which all available paleoclimate archives (terrestrial and marine as well as ice cores) are combined in order to yield a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of global environmental variations. Moreover, through a close linkage be-tween paleoclimate reconstructions and results from Earth-system models detailed insights into the dynamics of climate variations are gained.
Straits and seaways represent key connections of oceans and seas between emerged landmasses, regulating water, sediment and biota exchanges, and influencing local and global climate. A good understanding of the dynamic evolution of straits and seaways is therefore fundamental to accurately reconstruct the paleoecology, sedimentology and stratigraphy of interconnected basins, to reconstruct past Earth’s system climate dynamics, and to exploit different types of resources. This book provides a comprehensive collection of articles dealing with both ancient and modern case studies, bringing together different but complementary disciplines, such as marine geology and process sedimentology and stratigraphy. With the contents covering the evolution, geomorphology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, oceanography, paleogeography and influence on climate of straits and seaways, the book is of interest to earth scientists in many fields.
Natural emissions of methane have received much attention over the last decade due to the documented increase of methane in the atmosphere and high global warming potential relative to CO2. Over the past few decades the Arctic has been warming approximately four times faster than the rest of the planet, driving a pressing need to assess the current and future vulnerability of various natural methane sources. In the Arctic, vast amounts of methane is stored in soils and permafrost or is being generated as permafrost thaw continues. Additionally, there are large stores of methane in Arctic gas hydrates, a solid form of concentrated methane and water, and in numerous settings, including deep-water marine areas, on continental shelves hosting relict subsea permafrost and gas hydrate, in and beneath onshore permafrost, and likely beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet. Continued climate warming is making methane leakage more likely. Even deeper conventional gas reservoirs could leak methane as the overlying permafrost degrades.
Everyday life in the East German Socialist Unity Party revolved heavily around maintaining the “party line” in all areas of society, whether through direct authority or corruption. Spanning a long period of the GDR’s history, from 1946 through 1989, Rüdiger Bergien presents the first study that examines the complexities of the central party’s communist apparatus. He focuses on their role as ideological watchdogs, as they fostered an underbelly and “inner life” for their employees to integrate the party’s pillars throughout East German society. Inside Party Headquarters reviews not only the party’s modes power and state interaction, but also the processes of negotiation and disputation preceding formal Politburo decisions, advancing the available detail and discourse surrounding this formative and volatile stretch of German history.
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The ruling communist parties of the postwar Soviet Bloc possessed nearly unprecedented power to shape every level of society; perhaps in part because of this, they have been routinely depicted as monolithic, austere, and even opaque institutions. Communist Parties Revisited takes a markedly different approach, investigating everyday life within basic organizations to illuminate the inner workings of Eastern Bloc parties. Ranging across national and transnational contexts, the contributions assembled here reconstruct the rituals of party meetings, functionaries’ informal practices, intra-party power struggles, and the social production of ideology to give a detailed account of state socialist policymaking on a micro-historical scale.