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Everyone will experience headaches in their life, but for some people, headaches are more frequent and severe than for others. These headaches, called migraines, cause severe pain and can have negative effects on a person's life. Readers learn the symptoms of and treatments for migraines as well as what doctors currently know about their cause. Detailed charts, annotated quotes from experts, and in-depth sidebars give young adults the most up-to-date information about these debilitating headaches to help them manage their own migraines and better understand those who suffer from them.
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The men who fought in Napoleon’s Grande Armée built a new empire that changed the world. Remarkably, the same men raised arms during the French Revolution for liberté, égalité, and fraternité. In just over a decade, these freedom fighters, who had once struggled to overthrow tyrants, rallied to the side of a man who wanted to dominate Europe. What was behind this drastic change of heart? In this ground-breaking study, Michael J. Hughes shows how Napoleonic military culture shaped the motivation of Napoleon’s soldiers. Relying on extensive archival research and blending cultural and military history, Hughes demonstrates that the Napoleonic regime incorporated elements from both the Old Regime and French Revolutionary military culture to craft a new military culture, characterized by loyalty to both Napoleon and the preservation of French hegemony in Europe. Underscoring this new, hybrid military culture were five sources of motivation: honor, patriotism, a martial and virile masculinity, devotion to Napoleon, and coercion. Forging Napoleon's Grande Armée vividly illustrates how this many-pronged culture gave Napoleon’s soldiers reasons to fight.
Each issue includes a classified section on the organization of the Dept.