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Complicated Methods of Logical Analysis Based on Simple Mathematics
Those who want to understand logic, if they manage to pass at least an initial, though far from simple, modern course of study, eventually conclude that practically logic consists in formulating premises and a taken-from-nowhere assertion in an incomprehensible language and then proving or disproving cause-consequence links between them. Conversely, many topical tasks of logical analysis, such as forming and testing hypotheses, inferring consequences with predefined properties, and searching for, and analysis of, logical errors and inconsistencies in reasoning, among others, are outside the scope of this discourse. They are scattered haphazardly in works on theory of argumentation, non-classical logics, and artificial intelligence. This book demonstrates the capabilities of two relatively simple mathematical systems developed by the authors, namely E-structures and n-tuple algebra, which allow the modelling of various types of reasoning and solve the above and some other tasks of logical analysis.
Diagnostic Test Approaches to Machine Learning and Commonsense Reasoning Systems
The consideration of symbolic machine learning algorithms as an entire class will make it possible, in the future, to generate algorithms, with the aid of some parameters, depending on the initial users' requirements and the quality of solving targeted problems in domain applications. Diagnostic Test Approaches to Machine Learning and Commonsense Reasoning Systems surveys, analyzes, and compares the most effective algorithms for mining all kinds of logical rules. Global academics and professionals in related fields have come together to create this unique knowledge-sharing resources which will serve as a forum for future collaborations.
Knowledge-Intensive Economies and Opportunities for Social, Organizational, and Technological Growth
The modern world is developing at a pace where few can thoroughly keep track of its progress. More advancements in technology, evolving standards of education, and ongoing cultural and societal developments are leading to a need for improved pathways of knowledge discovery and dissemination. Knowledge-Intensive Economies and Opportunities for Social, Organizational, and Technological Growth provides emerging research exploring how academic research can represent both a bold response to the problems society faces today and a source of alternative solutions to those problems. This publication is derived from the basic understanding that education plays the role of the key enabler in the process of navigating these contemporary challenges. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as e-service exploration, progressive online learning in urban areas, and advances in multimedia sharing, this book is ideally designed for consultants, academics, industry professionals, policymakers, politicians, and government officials seeking current research on the impact of information technology and the knowledge-based era.
The Role of Knowledge Transfer in Open Innovation
The ways in which codified and tacit knowledge are sourced, transferred, and combined are critical in furthering open innovation. When used effectively, knowledge sharing and organizational success are significantly increased, improving products and services. The Role of Knowledge Transfer in Open Innovation is a collection of innovative research on a set of analyses, reflections, and recommendations within the framework of knowledge transfer practices in different areas of knowledge and in various industries. While highlighting topics including tacit knowledge, organizational culture, and knowledge representation, this book is ideally designed for professionals, academicians, and researchers seeking current research on the best practices for transfer of knowledge as an intermediate open innovation.
Two Suns in the Heavens
This book examines the deterioration of relations between the USSR and China in the 1960s, whereby once powerful allies became estranged, competitive, and increasingly hostile neighbors. It shows how the intrinsic inequality of the Sino-Soviet alliance - seen as entirely natural by the Russians but bitterly resented by the Chinese - resulted in its ultimate collapse.
Mending Fences
Mending Fences illuminates the forces driving Moscow’s China policy, from the Ussuri River clashes in 1969 to the "strategic partnership" of the 1990s. Elizabeth Wishnick analyzes the efforts of Soviet leaders simultaneously to maintain their supremacy in the international communist movement, defend their borders from a perceived Chinese threat, and ensure the compliance of regional authorities in enforcing China policy.
The Cambridge History of the Cold War
This volume examines the origins and early years of the Cold War in the first comprehensive historical reexamination of the period. A team of leading scholars shows how the conflict evolved from the geopolitical, ideological, economic and sociopolitical environments of the two world wars and interwar period.
Artificial Intelligence in Models, Methods and Applications
This book is based on the accepted research papers presented in the International Conference "Artificial Intelligence in Engineering & Science" (AIES-2022). The aim of the AIES Conference is to bring together researchers involved in the theory of computational intelligence, knowledge engineering, fuzzy systems, soft computing, machine learning and related areas and applications in engineering, bioinformatics, industry, medicine, energy, smart city, social spheres and other areas. This book presents new perspective research results: models, methods, algorithms and applications in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Particular emphasis is given to the medical applications - medical images recognition, development of the expert systems which could be interesting for the AI researchers as well for the physicians looking for the new ideas in medicine. The central audience of the book are researchers, industrial practitioners, students specialized in the Artificial Intelligence.
China Threat: Perceptions Myths
Since the end of the Cold War, one of the most significant debates in international relations has been the question of whether the rise of China as a major economic, political and military power will be a force for stability or instability in the international system and the East Asian region. Forceful arguments have been put forward on both sides. This book examines perceptions of the 'China Threat', and governments' policies in response to the perceived threat in a wide range of countries, including the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, South Asia, South-East Asia and the Middle East, as well as the perceptions of the Chinese themselves. For each country current security concerns and policies, especially the policy of engagement, are examined in detail, and future prospects for relations with China are assessed. As the Bush administration in Washington increasingly focuses on China as a 'strategic competitor' and Sino-US relations becomes increasingly tense, the 'China Threat' issue has come to dominate the security agenda in the Asia-Pacific region, and now poses the biggest foreign policy challenge of the 21st century.
