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Orchestrating Impartiality
Discrimination against women has been alleged in hiring practices for many occupations, but it is extremely difficult to demonstrate sex-biased hiring. A change in the way symphony orchestras recruit musicians provides an unusual way to test for sex-biased hiring. To overcome possible biases in hiring, most orchestras revised their audition policies in the 1970s and 1980s. A major change involved the use of blind' auditions with a screen' to conceal the identity of the candidate from the jury. Female musicians in the top five symphony orchestras in the United States were less than 5% of all players in 1970 but are 25% today. We ask whether women were more likely to be advanced and/or hired w...
The Price of Independence
More and more young men and women today are taking longer and having more difficulty making a successful transition to adulthood. They are staying in school longer, having a harder time finding steady employment at jobs that provide health insurance, and are not marrying and having children until much later in life than their parents did. In The Price of Independence, a roster of distinguished experts diagnose the extent and causes of these trends. Observers of social trends have speculated on the economic changes that may be delaying the transition to adulthood—from worsening job opportunities to mounting student debt and higher housing costs—but few have offered empirical evidence to b...
The Future of Children
A Brookings Institution Press and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University This semiannual journal provides research and analysis to promote effective policies and programs for children Contents include: -What Is the Problem? The Challenge of Providing Effective Teachers for All Children, Richard Murnane and Jennifer Steele - The Effect of Certification and Preparation on Teacher Quality, Donald Boyd, Daniel Goldhaber, Hamilton Lankford, and James Wyckoff - Teacher Wages and Working Conditions, Eric Hanushek and Steven Rivkin -Using Performance-Based Pay to Improve the Quality of Teachers, Victor Lavy - Learning in the Teaching Workforce, Heather Hill - The Challenges of Staffing Urban Schools, Brian Jacob - Recruiting and Retaining Quality Teachers in Rural Areas, David Monk - Teacher Unions and Student Performance: Help or Hindrance, Randall Eberts - Teacher Labor Markets in Developed Countries, Helen (Sunny) Ladd - Teacher Labor Markets in Developing Countries, Emiliana Vegas
Meritocracy and Economic Inequality
Most Americans strongly favor equality of opportunity if not outcome, but many are weary of poverty's seeming immunity to public policy. This helps to explain the recent attention paid to cultural and genetic explanations of persistent poverty, including claims that economic inequality is a function of intellectual ability, as well as more subtle depictions of the United States as a meritocracy where barriers to achievement are personal--either voluntary or inherited--rather than systemic. This volume of original essays by luminaries in the economic, social, and biological sciences, however, confirms mounting evidence that the connection between intelligence and inequality is surprisingly we...
EBOOK: Economics, South African Edition
EBOOK: Economics, South African Edition
