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Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century
Advances in molecular biology and toxicology are paving the way for major improvements in the evaluation of the hazards posed by the large number of chemicals found at low levels in the environment. The National Research Council was asked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to review the state of the science and create a far-reaching vision for the future of toxicity testing. The book finds that developing, improving, and validating new laboratory tools based on recent scientific advances could significantly improve our ability to understand the hazards and risks posed by chemicals. This new knowledge would lead to much more informed environmental regulations and dramatically reduce the need for animal testing because the new tests would be based on human cells and cell components. Substantial scientific efforts and resources will be required to leverage these new technologies to realize the vision, but the result will be a more efficient, informative and less costly system for assessing the hazards posed by industrial chemicals and pesticides.
The Development of Science-based Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Care
The Development of Science-based Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Care is the summary of an international workshop held in Washington, DC, in November 2003 to bring together experts from around the world to discuss the available knowledge that can positively influence current and pending guidelines for laboratory animal care, identify gaps in that knowledge in order to encourage future research endeavors, and discuss the scientific evidence that can be used to assess the benefits and costs of various regulatory approaches affecting facilities, research, and animal welfare.
Fighting Infection in the 21st Century
The 20th century has seen improvements in both public health and disease prevention which, in turn, have had a dramatic impact on our lives. Success in preventing infection by vaccination and treating infection with antibiotics led some to believe that infectious disease was a thing of the past. However, the adaptability of pathogens and the emergence of new diseases has presented microbiologists with a fresh set of challenges as we enter the new millennium. While celebrating past successes and highlighting developing problems, this volume aims to address some of the issues facing microbiologists in the future. Covering a wide range of topics, it will provide an invaluable resource for microbiologists and an excellent reference for advanced students.
Animal Research in a Global Environment
Animal research will play an essential role in efforts to meet increasing demands for global health care. Yet the animal research community faces the challenge of overcoming negative impressions that industry and academia engage in international collaborations in order to conduct work in parts of the world where animal welfare standards are less stringent. Thus, the importance of ensuring the international harmonization of the principles and standards of animal care and use cannot be overstated. A number of national and international groups are actively working toward this goal. The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), a program unit of the US National Research Council, is commit...
Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science
Building upon the success of the Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science and completing Volumes I and II of the Second Edition, Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science, Second Edition: Animal Models, Volume III provides the final component to present a comprehensive overview of animal models in biomedical research.As with Volume II, this new volume add
Lethal Laws
For the last 150 years, chemicals have been tested on animals for the alleged purpose of protecting the public from their dangerous effects. Lethal Laws reveals that using animals as human surrogates is not only unethical, it is bad science. Alix Fano provides a meticulous analysis of the technical and scientific problems that have plagued animal tests for decades, but which have not been forcefully challenged until now. She shows how animal testing has been used as an alibi to allow the continued use of thousands of toxic chemicals. In a field dominated by male voices, this is a pioneering work by a woman that effectively demonstrates the causal link between animal testing and environmental degradation, and the subsequent deterioration of human health.
Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals
The use of animals in research adheres to scientific and ethical principles that promote humane care and practice. Scientific advances in our understanding of animal physiology and behavior often require theories to be revised and standards of practice to be updated to improve laboratory animal welfare. Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals, the second of two reports revising the 1992 publication Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals from the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), focuses on pain experienced by animals used in research. This book aims to educate laboratory animal veterinarians; students, researchers and investiga...
Laboratory animals in vaccine production and control
9. REFERENCES 90 CHAPTER 9: OPPORTUNITIES FOR REPLACEMENT, REDUCTION AND REFINEMENT: HUMAN VIRAL VACCINES 93 1. INTRODUCTION 93 2. TESTS FOR EXTRANEOUS MICROORGANISMS 94 3. MUMPS VACCINE . . . 94 4. HEPATITIS B VACCINE 95 4. 1. Test for freedom from live hepatitis virus 95 4. 2. Potency test 95 5. INFLUENZA VACCINE 96 5. 1. Potency test 96 5. 2. Abnormal-toxicity test 96 6. MEASLES VACCINE. . . . . 96 6. 1. Tests for extraneous agents 97 6. 1. 1. Test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 97 6. 1. 2. Test for extraneous viruses 97 6. 2. Abnormal-toxicity test 98 7. POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE. . . 99 7. A. Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine 99 7. A. l. Production. . . . . . 99 7. A. 2. Test for residual l...
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First multi-year cumulation covers six years: 1965-70.
