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Linkages Between Arctic Warming and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns
The Arctic has been undergoing significant changes in recent years. Average temperatures are rising twice as fast as they are elsewhere in the world. The extent and thickness of sea ice is rapidly declining. Such changes may have an impact on atmospheric conditions outside the region. Several hypotheses for how Arctic warming may be influencing mid-latitude weather patterns have been proposed recently. For example, Arctic warming could lead to a weakened jet stream resulting in more persistent weather patterns in the mid-latitudes. Or Arctic sea ice loss could lead to an increase of snow on high-latitude land, which in turn impacts the jet stream resulting in cold Eurasian and North American...
Arctic Sea Ice and Large-scale Atmospheric Teleconnections Associated with Greenland Blocking
Sea ice is a critical component of the cryosphere (regions of the Earth where water exists as ice) as it helps to maintain Earth's heat and energy balance, in part, through reflecting incoming shortwave radiation during summer back into space. Due to global warming, Arctic ([greater than or equal to]60°N) temperatures are increasing at twice the rate of the rest of the world, a phenomenon known as Arctic Amplification (AA), and because of this, both the Arctic sea ice and atmosphere have experienced greater variability and extreme conditions. Sea ice extent (SIE) and area (SIA) have steadily diminished since the 1970s, but more persistent and accelerated rates of sea ice loss have been obse...
On the Linkage Between Future Arctic Sea Ice Retreat, the Large-scale Atmospheric Circulation and Temperature Extremes Over Europe
Extreme weather and climate events are one of the greatest dangers for present-day society. Therefore, it is important to provide reliable statements on what changes in extreme events can be expected along with future global climate change. However, the projected overall response to future climate change is generally a result of a complex interplay between individual physical mechanisms originated within the different climate subsystems. Hence, a profound understanding of these individual contributions is required in order to provide meaningful assessments of future changes in extreme events. One aspect of climate change is the recently observed phenomenon of Arctic Amplification and the related dramatic Arctic sea ice decline, which is expected to continue over the next decades. The question to what extent Arctic sea ice loss is able to affect atmospheric dynamics and extreme events over mid-latitudes has received a lot of attention over recent years and still remains a highly debated topic. In this respect, the objective of ...
Climate Change in the Polar Regions
The polar regions have experienced some remarkable environmental changes in recent decades, such as the Antarctic ozone hole, the loss of large amounts of sea ice from the Arctic Ocean and major warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. The polar regions are also predicted to warm more than any other region on Earth over the next century if greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise. Yet trying to separate natural climate variability from anthropogenic factors still presents many problems. This book presents a thorough review of how the polar climates have changed over the last million years and sets recent changes within a long term perspective. The approach taken is highly cross-disciplinary and the close links between the atmosphere, ocean and ice at high latitudes are stressed. The volume will be invaluable for researchers and advanced students in polar science, climatology, global change, meteorology, oceanography and glaciology.
Investigating Mid-Latitude Atmospheric Variability Due to Arctic Sea Ice Loss Using Self-Organizing Maps
Arctic sea ice is declining rapidly as greenhouse gas levels and global temperatures continue to rise due to human activity. Although a robust response of the mean atmospheric circulation to sea ice loss is well established, the impact of future Arctic sea ice loss on atmospheric variability remains an open question. In this study, we analyze results from two fully coupled, "high top" Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM4) simulations, one with 1980-1999 seasonally varying sea ice conditions and the other with sea ice nudged to projected RCP 8.5 values over the period of 2080-2099. This model setup allows us to identify changes in atmospheric conditions directly caused by sea ice ...
A Synoptic Climatological Assessment of the Relationship Between Arctic Sea Ice Variability and Climate Anomalies Over North America
The Arctic climate has rapidly changed over the last several decades, especially across the western Arctic Ocean where dramatic alterations to the end-of-summer sea ice extent and autumn freeze-up have been observed. While the spatiotemporal patterns of sea ice variability are well-documented by modern satellite instrumentation, the regional atmospheric causes and subsequent consequences of sea ice changes over this portion of the Arctic remain unclear. This dissertation research utilizes synoptic climatological techniques to evaluate the aforementioned sea ice-climate interactions in the western Arctic and high latitude North America since 1979. Separate atmospheric pattern classifications ...
The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Frontiers in Decadal Climate Variability
Many factors contribute to variability in Earth's climate on a range of timescales, from seasons to decades. Natural climate variability arises from two different sources: (1) internal variability from interactions among components of the climate system, for example, between the ocean and the atmosphere, and (2) natural external forcings, such as variations in the amount of radiation from the Sun. External forcings on the climate system also arise from some human activities, such as the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols. The climate that we experience is a combination of all of these factors. Understanding climate variability on the decadal timescale is important to decision-m...
