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Toll-Like Receptor Family Members and Their Ligands
On occasion, the innate immune system is referred to as the "primitive" immune system. Perhaps this has dissuaded immu nologists from analyzing it as energetically as they have analyzed the adaptive immune system during the past two decades. But while its phylogenetic origins are indeed ancient, and though it is "of the first type", there is nothing crude, nothing unsophisti cated, and nothing "inferior" about innate immunity. On the contrary, the innate immune system has had time to achieve a level of refinement that is nothing short of dazzling, and a modicum of respect is at long last due. Any immune system has two cardinal functions. It must destroy a broad range of pathogens, and it must spare the host. The adaptive immune system has applied a modular solution to these problems. Each cell of the adaptive immune system is prescreened to eliminate those that would produce untoward interactions with self; each cell is pre-programmed to recognize a foreign epitope that the host might one day encounter. Hence, the duties of each individual lymphocyte are quite circumscribed.
Toll-Like Receptors in Diseases of the Lung
This e-book is a review on current understanding of the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the lung in health and disease. Topics covered include 1) the expression, function and activation of TLRs during bacterial, viral and fungal infection of the airways, 2) the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of genetic and environmental pulmonary disorders, and 3) TLR biology in lung transplantation. Each chapter highlights recent advances in a selected domain in lung disease research. This e-book serves as a comprehensive resource for both scientists and clinicians studying innate immune mechanisms in the lung and provides a single reference comprising both basic and specialized information.
Toll-Like Receptor Activation in Immunity vs. Tolerance
The innate immune system has evolved means to recognize and react suitably to foreign entities such as infectious agents. In many cases infectious microorganisms threaten the integrity and function of the target organs or tissues; therefore, consequent to their recognition the immune system becomes activated to ensure their elimination. Toll-like receptors (TLR) constitute a family of receptors specialized in the recognition of molecular patterns typically associated with infectious agents. Different TLRs exist, each selective for molecular entities and motifs belonging to a specific pathogen group. Consequently, it is thought that the molecular nature of invading microorganisms activates sp...
Unsaturated Soils
An understanding of the mechanical properties of unsaturated soilsis crucial for geotechnical engineers worldwide, as well as tothose concerned with the interaction of structures with the ground.This book deals principally with fine-grained clays and silts, orsoils containing coarser sand and gravel particles but with asignificant percentage of fines. The study of unsaturated soil is a practical subject, linkingfundamental science to nature. Soils in general are inherentlyvariable and their behaviour is not easy to analyse or predict, andunsaturated soils raise the complexity to a higher level. Evenamongst practicing engineers, there is often lack of awareness ofthe intricacies of the subjec...
Information Technology in Geo-engineering
Information technology (IT) is now intrinsic to many aspects of our lives, and this is no less so for the field of geo-engineering, where it is widely used. This volume presents the proceedings of the First International Conference on Information Technology in Geo-Engineering in Shanghai, September 2010. The conference brought together engineers, scientists, researchers and educators to review new developments and IT advances in geo-engineering and provided a forum for the discussion of future trends. Iformation technology evolves constantly, and the innovative concepts, strategies and technologies which have sprung up are becoming ever more important to all aspects of geo-engineering; facilitating design processes, improving construction efficiency andlowering maintenance costs. These topics are among the many addressed here. Of interest to all those involved in the field of geo-engineering, it is hoped that this volume will prove to be the first of a series to cover regular international conference on this increasingly important subject.
ICE Manual of Geotechnical Engineering Volume 2
ICE Manual of Geotechnical Engineering, Second edition brings together an exceptional breadth of material to provide a definitive reference on geotechnical engineering solutions. Written and edited by leading specialists, each chapter provides contemporary guidance and best practice knowledge for civil and structural engineers in the field.
Way-Younger children
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Toll Plaza Design
This synthesis presents information on the design of toll plazas at highway, bridge, tunnel, and other transportation facilities. It will be of interest to toll facility managers and other officials, as well as to consultants concerned with the design, operation, and maintenance of toll facilities. It can also be useful to financial personnel, traffic engineers, planners, and security and enforcement personnel. In addition, it provides information to those concerned with environmental issues such as drainage, runoff, lighting, noise, and air quality. The report focuses on the design factors affecting toll plazas, including traffic, toll collection methods, location and configuration of toll plazas, as well as congestion management, operation and maintenance of the facility, and environmental issues. The synthesis includes discussions of existing standards and practices related to toll facility design, including plaza and roadway geometrics, lane configuration, electronic toll collection, capacity, access, communication, safety and security, signing, pavement markings, and new technology.
