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Regional Spillovers from the Venezuelan Crisis
As a new migration crisis is unfolding in Europe because of the war in Ukraine, the purpose of this paper is to also highlight the ongoing migration crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) due to Venezuela’s economic collapse. The stock of Venezuelan migrants reached 5 million in 2019, most of which had settled in other LAC countries. Following a temporary halt during the pandemic, migration from Venezuela has resumed, with the stock of migrants reaching 6.1 million in 2021. These migration flows are expected to continue in the coming years, which can strain public services and labor markets in the recipient economies in LAC. This Departmental Paper focuses on migration spillovers from the Venezuelan economic and social crisis. It sheds light on how migration can raise GDP growth and affect fiscal and external positions in host countries. It also discusses policy options, including greater support for education and integration into the workforce, which could help migrants find jobs to match their skills and help raise growth prospects in recipient countries.
Sovereign Debt Restructurings in Belize
This paper examines the causes, processes, and outcomes of the two Belize sovereign debt restructurings in 2006–07 and in 2012–13 that occurred outside of an IMF-supported program. It finds that the motivation for the two debt restructurings differed, as the former was driven by external liquidity concerns while the latter was motivated by a substantial increase in the coupon rates and future fiscal solvency concerns. Despite differential treatment between residents and non-residents, both 2006–07 and 2012–13 debt exchanges were executed through collaborative engagement, due in part to the existence of a broad-based creditor committee and the authorities’ effective communication strategy. However, while providing temporary liquidity relief, neither of the debt restructurings properly addressed long-term debt sustainability concerns. Going forward, the success of the 2012–13 debt restructuring will still depend on the country’s ability to strengthen fiscal efforts and public debt management framework.
International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2018
The past year was one of growing economic anxiety tied to skepticism about both economic integration and an international approach to economic policy making. To help make globalization work for all, the IMF focused on providing policy advice in many macro-critical areas.
Bolivia
Bolivia has a long track record of substantial progress in the areas of macroeconomic stability and structural adjustment; however, poverty remains widespread. Although there were significant delays and setbacks in the execution of the structural adjustment program, some important advances were achieved, mainly in the areas of tax administration and budget management. The Bolivian authorities have developed a comprehensive poverty reduction strategy. The government’s medium-term economic program is designed to raise growth to 5 percent. Bolivia maintains an open exchange and trade system.
Costa Rica
This 2017 Article IV Consultation highlights the growth of Costa Rica’s economy at its estimated trend rate of about 4.25 percent and an essentially closed output gap. Headline inflation turned positive again in the second half of 2016 and is rising moderately, with both headline and core indicators still below the 2–4 percent target range. The colón has been depreciating moderately since mid-2016, while reserves have declined despite the narrowing in the current account deficit. In 2017, growth is anticipated to slow marginally to 4 percent, driven by weaker terms of trade and more stringent financial conditions.
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the Mafia & drug trader`s Master
Gabriel Garcia Marquez had the resources to finance elections campaigns, France, Panama, were among those he supported. Gabriel Garcia Marquez did not take the presidency he was offered in his native country of Columbia. Gabriel Garcia Marquez took control of the drug traders in Latin America and the Americas. Gabriel Garcia Marquez took an active part in the Drugging program supported by The Castro Brothers.
Precautionary Reserves
Using precautionary savings models we compute levels of optimal reserves for Bolivia. Because of Bolivia's reliance on commodity exports and little integration with capital markets, we focus on current account shocks as the key balance of payments risk. These models generate an optimal level of net foreign assets ranging from 29 to 37 percent of GDP. For comparison purposes, we contrasted these results with standard rule of thumb measures of reserve adequacy, which in the case of Bolivia resulted in substantially lower levels of adequate reserves. These differing results emphasize the need to appropriately account for country-specific risks in order to derive adequate measures of reserve buffers.
