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Report of the Commission appointed by act of Parliament to enquire into the operations of war in Mesopotamia
Rapport fra den engelske "Mesopotamien-kommission" nedsat af det britiske parlament. Kommissionen skulle hente oplysninger om krigstilstanden i Irak. Rapporten indeholder endvidere en rapport om den indiske hærs rolle.
Ends and Means
The traditionally accepted rationale behind this move has been the protection of oil supplies used by the Royal Navy - but the campaign veered seriously away from its original intent.
World War I in Mesopotamia
The Mesopotamian campaign during World War I was a critical moment in Britain's position in the Middle East. With British and British Indian troops fighting in places which have become well-known in the wake of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, such as Basra, the campaign led to the establishment of the British Mandate in Iraq in 1921. Nadia Atia believes that in order to fully understand Britain's policies in creating the nascent state of Iraq, we must first look at how the war shaped Britons' conceptions of the region. Atia does this through a cultural and military history of the changing British perceptions of Mesopotamia since the period before World War I when it was under Ottoman rule. Drawing on a wide variety of historical and literary sources, including the writing of key figures such as Gertrude Bell, Mark Sykes and Arnold Wilson, but focusing mainly on the views and experiences of ordinary men and women whose stories and experiences of the war have less frequently been told, Atia examines the cultural and social legacy of World War I in the Middle East and how this affected British attempts to exert influence in the region.
Report of the Commission Appointed by Act of Parliament to Enquire Into the Operations of War in Mesopotamia, Together with Separate Report by Commander J. Wedgwood, D. S. O. , M. P. , and Appendices
Includes a colour diagram Annexure III as referred to on p.52 of the report, showing progress of 7th & 3rd Divisions to Mesopotamia. Combatant units are shown in black. Medical units in red. The arrows show dates of arrival at Basrah
British Policy in Mesopotamia, 1903-1914
British imperial interests in Iraq during and after the First World War are well known and have often been studied. But what of British policy towards the Mesopotamian provinces before 1914? In this well-documented study, Stuart Cohen provides the first coherent account of growing British interest in these provinces, in which the defense of India, commercial considerations, the protection of Shia Muslim pilgrims, and fear of a German-dominated Berlin-to-Baghdad railway all had a vital role to play. First published in 1976 and now available in paperback for the first time, this book is essential reading not only for an understanding of the making of British policy towards the Arab provinces of the Ottoman empire, but also of the last days of Turkish rule in Iraq itself.
Battles on the Tigris
In 1914 the British expedition to Mesopotamia set out with the modest ambition of protecting the oil concession in Southern Persia but, after numerous misfortunes, ended up capturing Baghdad and Northern Towns in Iraq. Initially the mission was successful in seizing Basra but the British under Generals Nixon and Townshend, found themselves drawn North, becoming besieged by the Turks at Kut. After various failed relief attempts the British surrendered and the prisoners suffered appalling indignities and hardship, culminating in a death march to Turkey. In 1917 General Maude was appointed CinC but, as usual in Iraq, policy kept changing. Hopes that the Russians would come into the war were dashed by the Revolution. Operations were further frustrated by the hottest of summers. Fighting against the Turks continued right up to the Armistice. The conduct of the Campaign was subject to a Commission of Inquiry which was highly critical of numerous individuals and the administrative arrangements.
Betrayal of an Army
The British invasion of Mesopotamia was initially successful in securing the oil fields around Basra by November 1914.Despite evidence of stiffening Turkish resistance and inadequate supply lines which relied solely on the River Tigris, the Expeditionary Force was disastrously ordered to advance on Baghdad under the command of the ambitious, capable but flawed Major General Charles Townshend. After a pyrrhic victory at Ctesiphon in November 1915 the British were forced to withdraw to Kut. After a five month siege Townshend had little option but to surrender due to heavy losses and inadequate supplies.Such was the humiliation and loss of life that the British Parliament ordered a Mesopotamia Commission to be set up. This attributed responsibility and blame to the toxic combination of incompetent leadership and wholesale military misjudgement.This fine book re-examines the circumstances and personalities that brought about such a disastrous and costly outcome to a classic example of mission creep.
Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia
This paper gives an account of the civil administration of Mesopotamia during the British military occupation, that is to say, down to the summer of the present year (1920), when, a Mandate for Mesopotamia having being accepted by Great Britain, steps were being taken for the early establishment of an Arab Government. His Majesty's Government called for a report on this diificult period from the Acting Civil Commissioner, who entrusted the preparation of it to Miss Gertrude L. Bell C.B.E. (India Office, 3rd December 1920)
