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Topological defects formed at symmetry-breaking phase transitions play an important role in many different fields of physics. They appear in many condensed-matter systems at low temperature; examples include vortices in superfluid helium-4, a rich variety of defects in helium-3, quantized mag netic flux tubes in type-II superconductors, and disclination lines and other defects in liquid crystals. In cosmology, unified gauge theories of particle interactions suggest a sequence of phase transitions in the very early uni verse some of which may lead to defect formation. In astrophysics, defects play an important role in the dynamics of neutron stars. In 1997 the European Science Foundation star...
As the growing number of conference proceedings, preprints, periodicals and popular journal articles are being joined by various electronic forms of dissemination of research, the series Progress in Low Temperature Physics assumes a particular responsibility in providing excellent reviews, guiding the reading of the literature and providing direction for future research possibilities. In this most recent volume, the main theme is research on superfluid and adsorbed phases of helium.In five chapters the following topics are dealt with. Chapter one is a review of one of the essential characteristics of superfluid 4He, the Landau critical velocity. Chapter two reviews the amazing properties of coherent spin dynamics in superfluid 3He. The next chapter examines a unique situation with a number of thermodynamic transitions between superfluid states and discusses the current experimental and theoretical situation. Properties of phases of 3He adsorbed on graphite are discussed in the following chapter, and in a complementary final chapter a review is presented on the properties of multilayer 3He-4He mixture films.
This book is a comprehensive account of the present understanding of an important class of perovskite oxide materials with potential industrial applications. The chapters are written by well-known scientists who are on the forefront of the field and have directly contributed to its recent progress. Special care has been taken to maintain a balance between the space devoted to new experimental results and that devoted to recent theoretical developments. The book contains recent experimental and theoretical results on colossal magnetoresistive (CMR) manganites not covered by any other book in the field, and hence this will be very beneficial to graduate students and researchers in condensed matter and applied physics, materials science and solid state chemistry.
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This volume is the latest in a prominent biannual series of scientific meetings on the exciting research topics of dark matter and, more recently, of dark energy. It contains a state-of-the-art update on detection efforts by experimental groups around the world trying to pin down exotic new forms of matter under the names of axions, neutralinos, wimps, primordial black holes, q balls, sterile neutrinos, as well as a tantalizing new form of dark energy component called phantom energy and quintessence. The book is self-contained as it also includes general reviews on recent cosmological observations — supernovae measurements, cosmic matter distribution surveys and cosmic radiation anisotropies — introducing even the uninitiated reader to this fascinating frontier of research.
Advanced Thermodynamics covers Extensive coverage of thermodynamics applications; Detailed discussion on chemical thermodynamics; Explanation of combustion phenomena; Discussion on entropy; Exergy and its applications; Application of Phases and Gibbs rule; Statistical thermodynamics; Description of various distributions and partition function; Thermodynamic laws and their applications; Information on Gas Mixtures; Thermodynamic property relations.