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Modality-aspect Interfaces
The main topics pursued in this volume are based on empirical insights derived from Germanic: logical and typological dispositions about aspect-modality links. These are probed in a variety of non-related languages. The logically establishable links are the following: Modal verbs are aspect sensitive in the selection of their infinitival complements embedded infinitival perfectivity implies root modal reading, whereas embedded infinitival imperfectivity triggers epistemic readings. However, in marked contexts such as negated ones, the aspectual affinities of modal verbs are neutralized or even subject to markedness inversion. All of this suggests that languages that do not, or only partially, bestow upon full modal verb paradigms seek to express modal variations in terms of their aspect oppositions. This typological tenet is investigated in a variety of languages from Indo-European (German, Slavic, Armenian), African, Asian, Amerindian, and Creoles. Seeming deviations and idiosyncrasies in the interaction between aspect and modality turn out to be highly rule-based.
Modality and Theory of Mind Elements across Languages
Modality is the way a speaker modifies her declaratives and other speech acts to optimally assess the common ground of knowledge and belief of the addressee with the aim to optimally achieve understanding and an assessment of relevant information exchange. In languages such as German (and other Germanic languages outside of English), this may happen in covert terms. Main categories used for this purpose are modal adverbials ("modal particles") and modal verbs. Epistemic uses of modal verbs (like German sollen) cover evidential (reportative) information simultaneously providing the source of the information. Methodologically, description and explanation rest on Karl Bühler's concept of Origo as well as Roman Jakobson's concept of shifter. Typologically, East Asian languages such as Japanese pursue these semasiological fundaments far more closely than the European languages. In particular, Japanese has to mark the source of a statement in the declarative mode such that the reliability may be assessed by the hearer. The contributions in this collection provide insight into these modal techniques.
Die Bibel: Lutherbibel 1912 (Holy Bible, German Edition)
This book is the Holy Bible, German Edition. Version: Lutherbibel 1912. Die Lutherbibel (Abk. LB) ist eine Bibelübersetzung des Alten und Neuen Testaments der Bibel aus der althebräischen, der aramäischen bzw. der altgriechischen Sprache in die deutsche Sprache (Frühneuhochdeutsch). Die Übersetzung wurde von Martin Luther unter Mitarbeit weiterer Theologen (insbesondere Philipp Melanchthon) angefertigt. Im September 1522 war eine erste Auflage des Neuen Testaments fertig (daher auch die Bezeichnung Septembertestament), 1534 eine vollständige Bibel. Optimiert für Mobil: dieses Buch ist optimiert für das Lesen auf dem Kindle, Nook, Kobo, iPhone, iPad, Android-Handys und anderen digitalen Geräten. Es enthält erweiterte Satz Funktionen und ein umfassendes und intelligentes Buch-Navigationssystem.
Die Bibel
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