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The Turing Test
Historical and contemporary papers on the philosophical issues raised by the Turing Test as a criterion for intelligence. The Turing Test is part of the vocabulary of popular culture—it has appeared in works ranging from the Broadway play "Breaking the Code" to the comic strip "Robotman." The writings collected by Stuart Shieber for this book examine the profound philosophical issues surrounding the Turing Test as a criterion for intelligence. Alan Turing's idea, originally expressed in a 1950 paper titled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" and published in the journal Mind, proposed an "indistinguishability test" that compared artifact and person. Following Descartes's dictum that it ...
Issues and Reviews in Teratology
There is still no clear understanding of what causes the great majority of human congenital malformations. And since in most sorts of human disease and pathology that yet prevail prevention usually awaits understanding of cause, it is generally thought that the same is true of developmental aberrations. But is this true? For the relatively few congenital malformations whose causes are primarily environmental, it is plain that their discovery has enabled prevention, but not nec essarily immediately. It took a generation from the time of the discovery that maternal rubella was teratogenic to learn how to immunize against it. Much debate occurred before it was appreciated that thalidomide was a...
Genetic Disorders of Human Sexual Development
There have been many advances in understanding mammalian sex determination and differentiation during the last decade. Using these advances to elucidate clinical conditions of abnormal sexual development, the authors of this book bring together expertise in molecular endocrinology, molecular genetics, and dysmorphology. This is not a conventional textbook. It is seldom dogmatic, frequently presents alternatives, highlights speculation, raises questions, and attempts to provide answers. This book will be welcomed by medical geneticists, genetic counselors, endocrinologists, gynecologists, urologists, and students who need fully-referenced information about the genetic aspects of human sexual maldevelopment in order to better manage their patients and their patients' families.
The Turing Test Argument
This book departs from existing accounts of Alan Turing's imitation game and test by placing Turing's proposal in its historical, social, and cultural context. It reconstructs a controversy in England, 1946–1952, over the intellectual capabilities of digital computers, which led Turing to propose his test. It argues that the Turing test is best understood not as a practical experiment, but as a thought experiment in the modern scientific tradition of Galileo Galilei. The logic of the Turing test argument is reconstructed from the rhetoric of Turing’s irony and wit. Turing believed that learning machines should be understood as a new kind of species, and their thinking as different from h...
The 7 Sexes
Few of us know much about the biology of sex determination, but what could be more interesting than to discover how we are shaped into males and females? In this book, Elof Carlson tells the incredible story of the difficult quest to understand how the body forms girls and boys. Carlson's history takes us from antiquity to the present day to detail how each component of human reproduction and sexuality was identified and studied, how this knowledge enlarged our understanding of sex determination, and how it was employed to interpret such little understood aspects of human biology as the origin of intersex births.
Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Neuropeptides Synthesis, Processing, and Gene Structure
Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Neuropeptides: Synthesis, Processing, and Gene Structure covers the proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Macromolecular Synthesis: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Neuropeptides, held in Blankenese, Hamburg, Germany. This book is composed of seven parts encompassing 23 chapters, and begins with an introduction of the proteolytic mechanisms involved in proprotein processing, their intracellular localization, and their roles in generating a diverse assortment of secreted products in a variety of neuroendocrine cells. Part I describes the structure, synthesis, biochemical aspects, gene expression, and receptor selectivity of opioid peptides. Parts II and III focus on the isolation, structure, function, and genetic linkage of neuropeptides. The remaining parts explore the posttranslational processing, regulation, metabolism, biosynthesis, and gene expression of these neuropeptides, with a particular emphasis on their triggering mechanism and the control of release. Biochemists, neurologists, geneticists, and clinicians will greatly appreciate this book.
Advances in Human Genetics 21
The current volume includes chapters on peroxisomal disorders, genetic aspects of cancer, Gaucher disease, and other topics.
White Lies
Roy Freeman, a suburban Jewish teenager, is troubled by the injustices of apartheid South Africa in the 1960s. Prejudice is not, however, confined to the oppression of 'non-whites'; it permeates the diverse ethnic and religious groups in a nation founded on the ideology of racial superiority. Perplexed, often angry, he is a witness to the bigotry of his own family and friends. This captivating novel traces Roy's rite of passage from schoolboy to army conscript, from sexual ingenue to politicized university student. A succession of uproarious episodes and an assortment of unforgettable characters highlight the absurdities of everyday South African life. By turns comic and poignant, White Lies is an enthralling portrait of life in the 1960s in a country that still strives to overcome its iniquitous past, and achieve justice and equality.
Genetics of Sex Determination
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection by R.A. Fisher (1930) dictated that sexual dimorphisms may depend upon a single medelian factor. This could be true for some species but his suggestion could not take off the ground as gender in Drosophila is determined by the number of X chromosomes. Technical advances in molecular biology have revived the initial thinking of Fisher and dictate that TDF or SRY genes in humans or Tdy in mice are sex determining genes. The fortuitous findings of XX males and XY female, which are generally termed sex reversal phenomenon, are quite bewildering traits that have caused much amazement concerning the pairing mechanism(s) of the pseudoautosomal regions of hu...
