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Dark Half: Decentralized Bargaining and Well-being at Work
Using information on collective agreements and administrative data on mental ill-health, sickness absence, and job separations, we study the effect of decentralization on well-being at work in Finland. Our regression results with individual-and firm-level fixed effects show that decentralized wage bargaining leads to distinct outcomes for different employee groups. For example, white-collar employees in white-collar intensive firms show increased well-being at work. In contrast, all employees in blue-collar intensive firms show quite strong and negative responses to decentralization. Decentralization affects mostly job-separation behavior and mental ill-health, whereas no consistent effects for sickness absence are observed. Whether the mechanisms between decentralization and worker's well-being is explained by pay dispersion, wage level, or different preferences toward wage policy needs to be explored further.
Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials and the Business Cycle
This paper uses microeconomic data for the period from 1990 to 2004 to examine the relationship between public-private sector wage differentials and labour market conditions in Finland. The results show that the public sector wage premium is strongly counter-cyclical. On average, a 10 percent increase in the local unemployment rate increases the public-private sector wage gap by one percent. Separate analyses by government sector and quantiles of the distribution of wages reveal that it is local government workers and those working at lower skill levels who benefit more from increasing unemployment rate. The paper also exploits the longitudinal structure of the data to examine whether the results are constant over time. These results indicate that the cyclical pattern primarily emerges in years with deteriorated labour markets.
The Role of Firm Dynamics in the Green Transition
This paper investigates the importance of firm dynamics, including entry and exit and the allocation of carbon emissions across firms, on the green transition. Using the 2000-2019 firm-level register data on greenhouse gas emissions matched with the Financial Statement data in the Finnish manufacturing sector, we examine the sources of carbon-productivity growth and assess the relative contributions of structural change and firm dynamics. We find that continuing firms were the main drivers of carbon productivity growth whereas the contribution of entering and exiting firms was negative. In addition, the allocation of emissions across firms seems to be inefficient; its impact on carbon productivity growth was negative over the study period. Moreover, we find that there is a positive relationship between labor-intensive firms and carbon productivity but that firms with a larger market share tend to be less productive in terms of carbon use.
Losing a Job and (dis)incentives to Move
We examine the economic determinants of interregional mobility. Using plant closures and mass lay-offs for identification, we show that there are obstacles in the labor market that prevent a more efficient reallocation of unemployed individuals and jobs. We find that displacement increases the migration probability by ~80 percent. Displaced workers mostly make migration decisions based on economic (dis)incentives, i.e., higher expected wages and lower expected housing prices outside the origin home location increase the probability of moving after a job loss. In contrast, proximity to family, home ownership and poorly functioning housing markets constitute severe constraints for migration. This outcome is concerning for employment prospects, as, among displaced workers, migration is positively linked to a strong attachment to the labor market.
Harsh Times
This paper examines the effects of past stressful life events on subsequent labor market success using data on twins matched to comprehensive register-based, individual-level information on income and employment status. The long-term labor market outcomes are measured during 20-year follow-up. We use the within-twin method to account for unobservable family and genetic confounders. The twin design reveals three important findings. First, stressors lead to worse labor market outcomes. Second, men are more affected by financial and job-related stressors, while women are more affected by family stressors. Third, the negative effects that stressors have on labor market outcomes diminish as time passes.
Firm-level Consequences of Export Demand Shocks
This paper analyzes how firms with different financial strength levels respond to demand shocks in their export markets. We utilize unique administrative datasets of Swedish and Finnish firms matched with national customs data from 1999 to 2014, which allows us to analyze the effects of several macroeconomic shocks affecting the export product demand and performance of exporting firms. We find that financially stronger export firms are better positioned during both positive and negative demand shocks-suffering less from the negative shocks, benefiting more from the positive shocks. While our results suggest that Swedish and Finnish firms tend to respond similarly to different export demand shocks, there are some salient differences in their survival strategies. While the financially stronger Swedish firms expanded their product lines and market areas, the Finnish firms did not make such adjustments during the 2007-2014 period of negative export demand shocks. By analyzing the firm-level survival strategies on export markets, we provide new insights into the divergent export growth trends of the two countries.
Job Displacement, Inter-Regional Mobility and Long-Term Earnings
We examine the effect of job displacement on regional mobility using linked employer-employee panel data for the 1995-2014 period. We also study whether displaced movers obtain earnings and employment gains compared to displaced stayers. The results show that job displacement increases the migration probability by ~70%. However, social capital in a region and housing characteristics decrease the propensity to move, indicating that people do not make the migration decisions solely based on short-term economic incentives. Migration has an immediate negative relationship with earnings, but the link diminishes as time passes and eventually turns positive for men. The link between migration and employment is nevertheless positive and persistent for both genders.
Pirstoutuvatko työurat?
Työurien vakaus ja laatu ovat merkittäviä yhteiskunnallisia ja talouspoliittisia kysymyksiä, sillä pohjoismaisen hyvinvointivaltion rahoitus perustuu työikäisten työssäkäyntiin sekä työstä, tuotannosta ja kulutuksesta kerättävään verotuloon. Tässä kokoomateoksessa tarkastellaan, millaisiksi työurat ovat viime vuosikymmeninä muotoutuneet viennin kannalta tärkeillä teollisuusaloilla. Tutkimustulokset perustuvat yritysten ja työntekijöiden kokonaisrekisteriaineistoon, yritystilastoihin ja teollisuustoimialojen asiantuntijoiden haastatteluihin. Työuria tarkastellaan teoksessa useista eri näkökulmista, joita ovat työllisyyden vakaus, työssäolo, työtulojen kehitys, ...
Presenteeism at Work
Explains how employees who come to work sick can disrupt team dynamism, damage productivity, and cost organizations more than absenteeism.
