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In their effort to strengthen fiscal management, the authorities in the Maldives are aiming to develop a legal framework for the country’s Sovereign Development Fund (SDF) to provide it a firm legal basis and establish its governance, accountability, and reporting arrangements. An IMF team supported the authorities in this endeavor with advice on key design choices involving the SDF’s objectives, operational policies, and interaction with the country’s broader fiscal management framework. This note summarizes the mission’s analysis and recommendations.
Debt opacity burdens the public and can exacerbate debt vulnerabilities in many countries. Both low-income and developing countries and emerging market economies have critical gaps in debt transparency, and the implementation of international standards and guidelines has lagged. The paper surveys the legal frameworks of sixty jurisdictions and reveals the critical weaknesses that hinder debt transparency, which include weak reporting obligations, limited coverage of public debt, inadequate monitoring, unclear borrowing and delegation processes, unfettered confidentiality arrangements and weak accountability mechanisms. Because laws entrench practices and bind the discretion of policy makers and debt managers alike, subjecting them to public scrutiny, legal reform is a necessary part of any solution to the problem of hidden debt, though it may entail a difficult and time intensive process in many jurisdictions.
Dr. Walter Pinheiro Nogueira fundou o primeiro Serviço de Hipertensão Arterial no Brasil, no então Instituto de Cardiologia de São Paulo, atual Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Junto com os Drs. Cantídio de Moura Campos, Mendonça de Barros e Reinaldo Chiaverini, organizou o 1o Simpósio Brasileiro de Hipertensão Arterial, que ocorreu de 7 a 9 de setembro de 1973, no centro de convenções do Anhembi, na cidade de São Paulo. Foram conferencistas deste simpósio os professores: Hoobler (Universidade de Michigan), Hampers (Universidade de Harvard), Aarão Benchimol, Luiz Feijó, Artur Carvalho de Azevedo, Eduardo Krieger, Oswaldo Ramos, Heonir Rocha, Emil Sabbaga, Maurício Rocha e Silva, José Magaldi, Luis Carlos Fontenele, entre outros. Neste livro, trazemos as conferências com os textos originais da época, seguidas por atualizações feitas pelos maiores estudiosos de hipertensão arterial no Brasil. Conheça como era o conhecimento da hipertensão arterial no início da década de 1970 e como ele evoluiu até hoje!
Drawing on the records of nearly 100 bishops' councils spanning the centuries, alongside royal law, edicts, and capitularies of the same period, this study details how royal law and the very character of kingship among the Franks were profoundly affected by episcopal traditions of law and social order.
Flavius Claudius Julianus was the last pagan to sit on the Roman imperial throne (361-363). Born in Constantinople in 331 or 332, Julian was raised as a Christian, but apostatized, and during his short reign tried to revive paganism, which, after the conversion to Christianity of his uncle Constantine the Great early in the fourth century, began losing ground at an accelerating pace. Having become an orphan when he was still very young, Julian was taken care of by his cousin Constantius II, one of Constantine's sons, who permitted him to study rhetoric and philosophy and even made him co-emperor in 355. But the relations between Julian and Constantius were strained from the beginning, and it...
Covers receipts and expenditures of appropriations and other funds.
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