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A thorough introduction to solar physics based on recent spacecraft observations. The author introduces the solar corona and sets it in the context of basic plasma physics before moving on to discuss plasma instabilities and plasma heating processes. The latest results on coronal heating and radiation are presented. Spectacular phenomena such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections are described in detail, together with their potential effects on the Earth.
Markus Aschwanden introduces the concept of self-organized criticality (SOC) and shows that due to its universality and ubiquity it is a law of nature for which he derives the theoretical framework and specific physical models in this book. He begins by providing an overview of the many diverse phenomena in nature which may be attributed to SOC behaviour. The author then introduces the classic lattice-based SOC models that may be explored using numerical computer simulations. These simulations require an in-depth knowledge of a wide range of mathematical techniques which the author introduces and describes in subsequent chapters. These include the statistics of random processes, time series ...
This monograph analyses the historical evolution of the laws of occupation as a special branch of international humanitarian law (IHL), focusing on the extent to which this body of law has been transformed by its interaction with the development of international human rights law. It argues that a large part of the laws of occupation has proved to be malleable while being able to accommodate changing demands of civilians and any other persons affected by occupation in modern context. Its examinations have drawn much on archival research into the drafting documents of the instruments of IHL, including the aborted Brussels Declaration 1874, the 1899/1907 Hague Regulations, the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocol I. After assessing the complementary relationship between international human rights law and the laws of occupation, the book examines how to provide a coherent explanation for an emerging framework on the rights of individual persons affected by occupation. It engages in a theoretical appraisal of the role of customary IHL and the Martens clause in building up such a normative framework.
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This book contains contributions based on the proceedings of two symposia on food contamination held in London in April 1989 and May 1990, both of which were organised jointly by the Environment, Food Chemistry and Toxicology Groups of the Royal Society of Chemistry. The aim of these meetings was to assess the extraneous chemical contamination of food from two sources: firstly, food-chain contaminants - the presence of plant toxicants of fungal metabolites in food, or the contamination of food from environmental sources (airborne, aquatic and terrestrial); and secondly, food-production contaminants - contaminants of man-made origin brought about by a desire to facilitate food production and ...
This volume contains forty-six of the papers presented at the Ninth International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging held December 3-6, 1979, in Houston, Texas. The theme of the confer ence was the integration of applications technology. The major objective of the conference was to promote interaction among researchers working on different applications of acoustical imaging. In addition to serving as a state-of-the-art research ref erence, this volume includes six tutorial review papers. For convenience, all the papers are grouped under the following headings: methods, transducers, processing and display, phased array considerations, acoustic microscopy/non-destructive evalu ation, reconstructi...
The response of governments to terrorism is one of the most controversial issues of the twenty-first century. Balancing the desire to achieve security with the safeguarding of human rights has proved to be highly contentious. This book analyzes the international rule of law framework in which counter-terrorism responses occur, namely those of international human rights, humanitarian, criminal, and refugee law. It focuses on some of the most pressing, emerging and/or under-researched issues and tensions, including: the policy choices associated with meeting security imperatives; the tensions between the criminal justice approach to counter-terrorism and the military approach; the identificati...