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Raymond of Saint-Gilles
When Raymond of Saint-Gilles died in the castle of Mons Peregrinorum, in what is today Lebanon, he left behind a realm that had grown from a fortress, a single town and a half share of a monastery to fourteen counties, covering much of southern France and across the Mediterranean to a significant holding on the Syrian and Lebanese coast. To understand Raymondâe(tm)s legacy and achievement, we have to recognize the particularly Occitanian character of him and his army. The Occitanian crusading experience drew on the legacy of the Peace of God and the apocalyptic anxieties typical of the region. This book will use the life of Raymond of Saint-Gilles and his crusading experience to explore the importance of regional differences in the religious and cultural experience of the Middle Ages for understanding both the First Crusade and the creation of the crusader states in the Latin East.
Circulation, Respiration, and Metabolism
This volume is one of those published from the proceedings of the invited lectures to the First International Congress of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry I organized at Liege (Belgium) in August 1984 under the auspices of the Section of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry of the International Union of Biological Sciences. In a general foreword to these different volumes, it seems to me appropriate to consider briefly what may be the comparative approach. Living organisms, beyond the diversity of their morphological forms, have evolved a widespread range of basic solutions to cope with the different problems, both organisma1 and environmenta1 with which they are faced. Soon after the turn of the century, some biologists realized that these solutions can be best comprehended in the frame work of a comparative approach integrating results of physiologica1 and biochemica1 studies done at the organismic, cellular and molecular levels. The development of this approach amongst both physiologists and biochemists remained, however, extremely slow until recently.
Hidden Intentions 2
Upon the sudden and tragic death of his father, Tory's marital bliss comes to a halt. His wife, Nya, and his family members try to help him cope with the pain of losing his father, but instead of choosing to have his arms around Nya, Tory chooses to have his lips constantly around a bottle of alcohol. Tory vanishes, and Nya looks for him with the help of local law enforcement and a hired private investigator. Unfortunately, no one turns up anything. After a while, Nya gives up hope of ever finding Tory. The thought of not knowing what happened to him will always be in the back of her mind, but it's time for her to move on. She meets a man named Vince Rappaport, who offers her comfort. Their talks turn into friendship, and the friendship soon turns into love. For the first time in a long time, Nya is happy to wake up in the morning. After years missing in action, Tory shows up on her doorstep. He desperately wants to restore their crumbled marriage. He seems like a changed man, but has he given up alcohol once and for all? Nya will have some tough decisions to make as her past confronts her future.
High Pressure Effects on Selected Biological Systems
This volume is one of those published from the proceedings of the invited lectures to the First International Congress of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry I organized at Liege (Belgium) in August 1984 under the auspices of the Section of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry of the International Union of Biological Sciences. In a general foreword to these different volumes, it seems to me appropriate to consider briefly what may be the comparative approach. Living organisms, beyond the diversity of their morphological forms, have evolved a widespread range of basic solutions to cope with the different problems, both organismal and environmental, with which they are faced. Soon after the turn of the century, some biologists realized that these solutions can be best comprehended in the frame work of a comparative approach integrating results of physiological and biochemical studies done at the organismic, cellular and molecular levels. The development of this approach amongst both physiologists and biocha~ists remained, however, extremely slow until recently.
The A to Z of the Crusades
During the late 11th through the early 14th centuries at least seven major expeditions were made between Western Europe and the Holy Land with the goal of ending Muslim control of Jerusalem. Ultimately the crusaders were driven out, but not before a cultural exchange had taken place that had an immense impact on Western Europe and an equally enormous, albeit less positive, impact on Arabs and the Islamic world. Although the crusades occurred many centuries ago, echoes still resound through the current clashes of nations and ideologies, kidnappings for ransom, assassinations, and the declaring of 'jihad'_all making the crusades an eminently timely subject. This one-volume overview provides an accessible reference work for scholars, students, and general readers on the period with numerous entries on key persons, places, events, battles and sieges, use of weapons and armor, and the deeper issues of the political and cultural background. Complete with a detailed chronology and a bibliography, this work allows readers to learn how Europe was changed forever by these battles with Islam.
Vertebrate Gas Exchange
The structural and chemical limitations to respiratory gas exchange existing between the ambient medium and the cell are comprehensively treated. Beginning with an examination of the natural oscillations of respiratory gases in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, Vertebrate Gas Exchange details the structures involved in convecting the medium (air or water), the morphometrics of capillary gas transfers, and gas transfer kinetics. Important features include details on measurement techniques associated with tissue capillary supply and gas exchange kinetics.
Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology
When survival is challenged by the cold, animals react by employing both behavioral and physiological solutions. Depending on the magni tude of the cold stress and the nature of the adjustment, simple avoidance or sophisticated capacity or resistance compensations may be used. Thus, migration, shelter seeking, metabolic and insulative compen sation, torpor, and freezing avoidance and tolerance are successful tac tics used by diverse groups of animals. To understand and appreciate the benefits of these tactics, it is necessary to examine not only the well being of the whole animal but also their basic underlying mechanisms. In ad dition, it is also of fundamental importance to grasp how seaso...
Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology
In the past 5 years there has been an enormous increase of evidence that the ion channels activated by mechanical force are common to a wide variety of cell types. Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels form a small proportion of the total channel population. They are now found in more than 30 cell types from E. coli, yeast, to plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate cells, where they occur in virtually all types of cells from bone to smooth muscle, as well as neurons. The majority of MS channels are permeable to monovalent cations and are slightly selective for K+ over Na +. How 2 ever, there are several reports of anion-selective MS channels, MS Ca + channels, and MS channels with large conductanc...
Muscle Contraction and Cell Motility
This volume intends to provide a comprehensive overview on the mecha nisms of muscle contraction and non-muscle cell motility at the molecu lar and cellular level, not only for investigators in these fields but also for general readers interested in these topics. A most attractive feature of various living organisms in the animal and plant kingdoms is their ability to move. In spite of a great diversity in the structure and function of various motile systems, it has frequently been assumed since the nineteenth century that all kinds of "motility" are essentially the same. Based on this assumption, some investigators in the nineteenth century thought that the mechanisms of motility could bett...
