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Improving livelihoods and reducing outmigration from the Northern Triangle in Central America: The potential role of cash transfers in expanded social safety nets
In 2019 almost 45 million immigrants lived in the United States, or about 13.7% of the total population, approaching the record high of 14.8% in 1890. Of that total, about 77% are lawful residents (either nat-uralized, permanent residents, or temporary residents), and the difference (about 23% or 11 million per-sons) are illegal immigrants. Both in the case of legal and illegal immigrants, the largest percentage is from Mexico (24% of the legal immigrants and somewhat less than 50% of the illegal ones, but those percentages have been declining since the mid-2000s). About 20% of the illegal immigration living in the US in 2017 came from Central America, principally El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala (Ameri-can Immigration Council, 2021 and Passel and D’Vera Cohn, 2019). Overall, these three countries are the origin of about 3.3 million immigrants (legal and illegal) in the US in 2019 (Babich and Batalova, 2021).
Hidden Potential
Informality remains widespread in South Asia despite decades of economic growth. Thelow earnings and high vulnerability in the informal sector make this a major developmentissue for the region. Yet, there is no consensus on its causes and consequences, with thedebate polarized between a view that informality is a problem of regulatory evasion andshould be eradicated, and another that equates informality with economic exclusion.Recent advances in analyzing informality as the outcome of firm dynamics in distortedeconomic environments can help reconcile them. Building on these advances, theapproach adopted in this volume clarifies that there are different types of informality,with different dri...
Would you rather: Voluntary take-up of a poverty graduation program among cash transfer recipients
We study households’ choice between continued cash transfers and a new economic inclusion program—two global prevalent social protection programs—offered by the Egyptian government. Lower-than-expected early adoption of the new program is correlated with differing perceptions on its design. We randomize official messaging to households describing the new program’s (i) consumption support duration and (ii) income-earning potential. Both treatments increase respondents’ likelihood of recommending the new program. A theoretical model estimated using households’ perceptions of program design predicts interest in the new program, and how it diminishes with increasing effort costs, asset loss probability, risk aversion and loss aversion.
Seeing China's Belt and Road
In Seeing China's Belt and Road, editors Edward Schatz and Rachel Silvey assemble the ground-level fieldwork of leading scholars to examine the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) from different "downstream" contexts, ranging from Central and Southeast Asia to Europe and Africa. Crucially, this book uncovers views of the BRI from Chinese authorities, local businesses, state bureaucrats, expatriated migrants, ordinary citizens, and environmental activists. Through these case studies, the book offers a timely analysis of the dynamic complexity of changes in the world order.
Structured Luck
The Diversity Immigrant Visa Program is a lottery that awards winners from underrepresented countries the chance to apply for legal permanent residence in the United States. Most lottery winners think of themselves as lucky, viewing the win as an opportunity to pursue better lives for themselves and their families. In Structured Luck, sociologist Onoso Imoagene uses immigrants’ stories to show that while the visa program benefits many recipients, the program’s design can also lead to exploitation in their countries of origin and reduced potential once they are in the United States. Combining ethnographic observation in Africa and interviews with immigrants, their family members, and frie...
Forsa pilot program and evaluation plan
Forsa, which means “Opportunity” in Arabic, is a new economic inclusion program of the government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Implemented by the Ministry of Social Solidarity, the program aims to graduate beneficiaries of the national cash transfer program, the Takaful & Karama Program (TKP), from being dependent on transfers from TKP to economic self-reliance by enabling them to engage in wage employment or sustainable economic enterprises. The most recent World Bank Economic Inclusion report (Andrews et al. 2021) highlights a recent increase globally in such graduation or economic inclusion programs, which now reach around 92 million beneficiaries from 20 million households across more than 75 countries. This rapid growth is raising demand for evidence on best practices in graduation program implementation. Egypt’s experience with Forsa can contribute to such guidance.
Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a pronounced setback in the fight against global poverty—likely the largest setback since World War II. Many low- and middle-income countries have yet to see a full recovery. High indebtedness in many countries has hindered a swift recovery, while rising food and energy prices—fueled in part by conflict and climate shocks—have made a return to progress on poverty reduction more challenging than ever. These setbacks have altered the trajectory of poverty reduction in large and lasting ways. The world is significantly off course on the goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030.The year 2020 also marked a historic turning point as decades of global income conv...
The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021
The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021 sheds light on one of the most intractable challenges faced by development policy makers and practitioners: transforming the economic lives of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people.Economic inclusion programs are a bundle of coordinated, multidimensional interventions that support individuals, households, and communities so they can raise their incomes and build their assets. Programs targeting the extreme poor and vulnerable groups are now under way in 75 countries.This report presents data and evidence from 219 of these programs, which are reaching over 90 million beneficiaries. Governments now lead the scale-up of economic inclusion i...
Stirring Up Liberation Theologies
In this critical time in world history when many spirits and bodies are plagued (by AIDS, covid, monkeypox, hunger, bird-flu, mad-cow disease, and other ailments) and many communities are broken (by wars, juntas, climate crises, domestic abuse, poverty, and other shitstems), this book stirs up the ends of Liberation Theology – re(l)ease. As long as the world is plagued and broken, the re(l)ease that Liberation Theology seeks are needed. Bringing together a diverse and global array of theologians who have taken up the liberative mantel, this book will demonstrate why liberation theology today needs releasing from its illusions and assumptions, and what comes next once it does so. With contributors including Miguel A. De La Torre, Anna Kasafi Perkins and Michael Jaggesar, the book demonstrates that Liberation Theology is not passé or dead. But it needs some stirring up.
World Development Report 2021
The unprecedented growth of data and its ubiquity in our daily lives signal that the digital revolution is transforming the world. But much of the value of data remains untapped, waiting to be realized. Data collected for one particular purpose has the potential to generate economic value in applications far beyond those originally anticipated. However, many barriers stand in the way of the beneficial reuse of data, ranging from misaligned incentives and incompatible data systems to a fundamental lack of trust. The World Development Report 2021: Data for Better Lives will explore the tremendous potential of the changing data landscape to improve the lives of poor people, but also to open bac...
