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Since 1943, the lives of Brazilian working people and their employers have been governed by the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT). Seen as the end of an exclusively repressive approach, the CLT was long hailed as one of the world's most advanced bodies of social legislation. In Drowning in Laws, John D. French examines the juridical origins of the CLT and the role it played in the cultural and political formation of the Brazilian working class. Focusing on the relatively open political era known as the Populist Republic of 1945 to 1964, French illustrates the glaring contrast between the generosity of the CLT's legal promises and the meager justice meted out in workplaces, government ministries, and labor courts. He argues that the law, from the outset, was more an ideal than a set of enforceable regulations--there was no intention on the part of leaders and bureaucrats to actually practice what was promised, yet workers seized on the CLT's utopian premises while attacking its systemic flaws. In the end, French says, the labor laws became "real" in the workplace only to the extent that workers struggled to turn the imaginary ideal into reality.
Law and justice are studied in this book from the perspective of social and global history. The main focus of Workers Before the Tribunal is to overcome traditional binary oppositions between corporativist and contratualist models of labor relations, the former representing a view in which the working class would have more autonomy in struggling for better labor conditions, the latter meaning the protagonism of the State in promoting labor rights. Teixeira da Silva presents three main arguments. First, he shows that the Brazilian labor justice system created during the Getúlio Vargas dictatorship (1930-1945), although inspired by Mussolini's legal order in Italy, is very different from the ...
Freemasons are accused of worshipping Lucifer. This book examines the concept of Lucifer, and its effect on everyday life. There is more than meets the eye, so we present the true purpose and meaning of Lucifer.
The 2017 Annual Report of the Council on Foreign Relations.
The Council on Foreign Relations' (CFR) 2010 Annual Report demonstrates CFR's role as a trusted, independent source for information and analysis on the policy challenges facing the United States and the world. There was no shortage of subjects to focus on this past year, and during a time of such political divisiveness in Washington, the nonpartisan mission of this institution was more important than ever. Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, concerns about Iran and North Korea, and a growing U.S. fiscal deficit were just a few of the issues at the forefront of debates in this country. CFR worked hard to address geopolitical and geoeconomic matters, in addition to other priorities including climate...
The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries.
The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries.
Covering the entire spectrum of Arabic manuscripts, and especially the handwritten book, this book consists of a glossary of technical terms and a bibliography. The technical terms, collected from a variety of sources, embrace a vast range of topics dealing with the making and reading (studying) of Arabic manuscripts. They include: the Arabic scripts, penmanship, writing materials and implements, the make-up of the codex, copying and correction, decoration and bookbinding. A similar coverage is reflected in the bibliography. In view of the fact that, as yet, there is no concise monograph on Arabic manuscripts in the English language, this book is an important contribution to this field. And, since Arabic manuscripts represent an enormous resource for research, this work is an indispensable reference for all students of Islamic civilization.
O livro, originalmente uma tese de livre-docência na Unicamp, defende uma tese no sentido forte: a de que a maior parte da literatura precedente nas ciências sociais e na história sobre os trabalhadores brasileiros ignora ou menospreza a presença da Justiça do Trabalho na configuração dos conflitos sociais no Brasil por achar que a sua judicialização eliminaria a negociação direta com os empregadores reduzindo as possibilidades de concepções coletivas de classe. O pressuposto seria que o caso anglo-saxônico de "voluntarismo" e "liberalismo" nas relações de trabalho teria sido mais favorável à mobilização dos trabalhadores e à formação de sindicatos autênticos. E que o...