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Respiration in plants, as in all living organisms, is essential to provide metabolic energy and carbon skeletons for growth and maintenance. As such, respiration is an essential component of a plant’s carbon budget. Depending on species and environmental conditions, it consumes 25-75% of all the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis – even more at extremely slow growth rates. Respiration in plants can also proceed in a manner that produces neither metabolic energy nor carbon skeletons, but heat. This type of respiration involves the cyanide-resistant, alternative oxidase; it is unique to plants, and resides in the mitochondria. The activity of this alternative pathway can be measured based on a difference in fractionation of oxygen isotopes between the cytochrome and the alternative oxidase. Heat production is important in some flowers to attract pollinators; however, the alternative oxidase also plays a major role in leaves and roots of most plants. A common thread throughout this volume is to link respiration, including alternative oxidase activity, to plant functioning in different environments.
This proceedings contains papers presented at the 31st International Conference on Coastal Engineering, which has held in Hamburg, Germany (31 August - 5 September 2008). The proceeding is divided into five parts: Waves; Long Waves, Nearshore Currents, and Swash; Sediment Transport and Morphology; Coastal Management, Environment, and Risk; and Coastal Structures. The papers cover a broad range of topics including theory, numerical and physical modeling, field measurements, case studies, design, and management. Coastal Engineering 2008 provides coastal engineers, scientists, and planners, with state-of-the-art information on coastal engineering and coastal processes.
Existing coastal management and defense approaches are not well suited to meet the challenges of climate change and related uncertanities. Professionals in this field need a more dynamic, systematic and multidisciplinary approach. Written by an international group of experts, Coastal Risk Management in a Changing Climate provides innovative, multidisciplinary best practices for mitigating the effects of climate change on coastal structures. Based on the Theseus program, the book includes eight study sites across Europe, with specific attention to the most vulnerable coastal environments such as deltas, estuaries and wetlands, where many large cities and industrial areas are located. - Integrated risk assessment tools for considering the effects of climate change and related uncertainties - Presents latest insights on coastal engineering defenses - Provides integrated guidelines for setting up optimal mitigation measures - Provides directly applicable tools for the design of mitigation measures - Highlights socio-economic perspectives in coastal mitigation
Human health and wellbeing cannot be sustained without proper ecosystem functioning and high biodiversity is essential to maintain such functioning. Worldwide, unsustainable exploitation of natural resources by a growing human population has imposed serious pressures on ecosystem integrity. To change the tide, the United Nations declared the current decade as the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration, with the aim of “supporting and scaling up efforts to prevent, halt and reverse the degradation of ecosystems worldwide”. Large-scale active ecosystem restoration actions will be needed to achieve these ambitious aims. Whereas methodologies for systemic restoration of terrestrial ecosystems ha...